UMEM Educational Pearls

• Calcium channel blockers, such as nicardipine, play an important role in treating arterial hypertension and cerebral vasospasm, both of which are associated with intracranial hematoma and increased intracranial hypertension.

• Many consider nicardipine to be an excellent choice for treating an acute hypertensive emergency in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage.

• Dosing should start at an infusion of 5 mg/hr.  Titrate by 2.5 mg/hr every 5 to 15 minutes to desired effect, up to a maximum dose of 15 mg/hr. 

Show References

Hypotension after intubation and initiation of mechanical ventilation

• Approximately 25-30% of patients develop hypotension after intubation and initiation of mechanical ventilation (MV).
• Although the literature is not robust, risk factors for hypotension after initiation of MV include:
  • hypotension prior to intubation
  • tachycardia prior to intubation
  • obesity
  • high intrathoracic pressure (COPD)
  • excess catecholamine states (ETOH withdrawal, cocaine intoxication) with rapid relaxation during RSI
• In addition to administering isotonic intravenous fluids (IVFs) while preparing for intubation, consider having a vasopressor medication, such as phenylephrine, available if IVFs alone prove insufficient at maintaining blood pressure.

Show References

Submitted on behalf of Dr. Michael Abraham

Thyrotropin (TSH) 

• Different types of test available:
  • The first tests available were radioimmunoassay. 
  • The next type of test available is the immunometric test.

• As each test is developed there has been a trend to use the term ‘generation’ for a 10 fold increase in sensitivity. ¹

• Indications for ordering in the ED:   Hypothyroidism, Graves Disease, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, Thyroid storm.

• Diagnostic Accuracy
  • The original TSH benchmark was the ability to measure euthyroid (0.4 – 4mIU/L) from very low (<0.01 mIU/L) which is suggestive of Graves disease. 
  • Most new tests have a functional sensitivity of <0.02mIU/L. 
  • The clinical sensitivity and specificity have to be determined by each laboratory’s staff. This requires testing of samples over a 6-8 week period as should include a sample of the population that is being tested.²
• Average turnaround time to complete test: 
  • The tests are mainly run on large lab analyzers. There are many commercially available tests the turnaround time is dependent on the manufacturer of the machine.

Show References

Pericardial tamponade is a physiological diagnosis, not an ECG diagnosis. At best, the ECG can suggest the presence of large pericardial effusions--look for the combination of low voltage, tachycardia, and electrical alternans.

Be aware, however, that electrical alternans is only present in < 1/3 of patients with large pericardial effusions. Although it is "classic" and always seems to show up on board exams, in the textbooks, and in lectures, electrical alternans in not a consistent finding in patients with large effusions or tamponade. 

Calcaneus Fractures:

Calcaneus fractures can easily be missed on plain films and the true extent of the injury might not be appreciated until a CT is done.  However, you can increase your change of picking up a calcaneal fracture by evaluating Bohler's Angle. 

Lateral radiographs of the foot are needed to evaluate the Bohler angle.  This is the angle made by drawing a line from anterior process of the calcaneus to the peak of the posterior articular surface and a second one drawn  from the peak of the posterior articular surface to the peak of the posterior tuberosity. (See Picture) The average angle is 25-40°. Angles less than 25' are strongly suggestive of a fracture and the patient should probably get a CT of their foot if there is clinical suspicion.

Show References

Current American Burn Association guidelines state that any child with a greater than 10% total body surface area (TBSA) burn should be admitted to a center capable of caring for pediatric burns, rather than being discharged after wound management.  However, physician use of TBSA% estimation techniques is variable.  An excellent free tool for estimating TBSA is available online, allows for automatic weight based calculation, and allows printing of your diagram.  The diagram is available at http://www.sagediagram.com/.  More to come...

Show References

Physostigmine has been used extensively in the fields of anesthesiology and emergency medicine.  The only use of physostigmine with sound scientific support is for the management of patients with an anticholinergic syndrome, particularly those without cardiovascular compromise who have an agitated delirium.  In this population, physostigmine has an excellent risk-to-benefit profile.

• Try benzodiazepines first.  They last longer and may diminish the need for physostigmine.
• Obtain ECG.  If there are signs of sodium channel blockade (QRS prolongation), do not use physostigmine.
• Administer 1-2 mg via slow IV push/infusion over at least 5 minutes.
• Have atropine available at the bedside.
• Effects last about 1 hour.

Once you've punctured the spinal canal space during lumbar puncture, the following tips can be used to improve the rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, should it be suboptimal:

1. Ask the patient to cough or bear down as in the Valsalva maneuver.
2. Ask an assistant to intermittently press on patient's abdomen.
3. Turn the spinal needle 90 degrees such that the bevel is cephalad.
4. Use a larger diameter spinal needle (increases risk of post-lumbar puncture headache).

Platelet Transfusions in the Critically Ill

• Recommendations for the transfusion of platelets in the critically ill patient is primarily extrapolated from the oncology literature; literature that is predominantly observational and expert opinion.
• Nevertheless, indications for the transfusion of platelets in a critically ill ED patient include:
  • active bleeding with a plt count < 50 x 10⁹/L
  • plt count < 10 x 10⁹/L (high risk of spontaneous bleeding)
  • prior to an invasive procedure when the plt count is < 50 x 10⁹/L
• Importantly, the decision to transfuse platelets should also take into account the clinical setting (ie. a uremic patient with active bleeding)

Show References

Thrombolytic Therapy for Pulmonary Embolism

Current, FDA-approved thrombolytic therapy for PE:

• tPA 100 mg over two hours-infusion
• Heparin drip should be turned off during tPA infusion and turned back on ONLY after PTT has fallen to 2 X normal
• Other drugs are being used-like Tenecteplase (TNKase), but strictly speaking, not FDA approved for thrombolysis of PE
• Most studies to date do not show that catheter-based delivery of lytics is safer than systemically administered lytics
   

Up to 25% of elderly patients with appendicitis are initially sent home from the ED, an indication of the high misdiagnosis rate for appendicitis in the elderly population. Why are elderly patients so often misdiagnosed when they have appendicitis? The answer is simple....they present very atypically.

• The classic migratory pattern (periumbilical pain that migrates to the RLQ) is absent in > 50%
• Nasea, vomiting, and anorexia are each absent in > 50%
• Fever is absent in up to 50%
• Guarding and rebound are absent in 50%
• The WBC is normal in up to 45%
• Up to 15% have pyuria or bacteriuria, leading to misdiagnoses of UTI

Expect the atypical in elderly patients!
 

Show References

Wound Care:

Patients and many providers want to irrigate or wash a wound with an antiseptic solution in order to decrease the risk of infection.  Most studies have shown that irrigation whether with tap water or sterile water is effective enough in reducing bacterial counts in a wound so does adding an antiseptic solution offer any additional benefit.

It turns out that hydrogen peroxide, and iodine based solutions can actually hinder wound healing as they causes delays in the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts at concentrations that are not even bactericidal.  Chlorhexidine, and silver containing antiseptics [i.e.: silver sulfadiazine and silver nitrate] are bactericidal at concentrations that do not affect fibroblasts.

So in the end, if you feel the need to use an antiseptic, use chlorhexidine or a silver containing antiseptic.  The use of hydrogen peroxide and iodine based solutions should be abandoned as they are not even bactericidal at concentrations that have profound affects on the fibroblasts.

Show References

There are a several classes of medications that can kill a toddler with a single dose. Toddlers are particularly susceptible due to their low weights and propensity to place everything in their mouths.

1. Calcium channel blockers
2. Camphor-containing rubs
3. Opioids/opiates
4. Oil of wintergreen/ aspirin
5. Cyclic antidepressants
6. Topical blood pressure patches (clonidine)
7. Eye drops and nasal sprays (oxymetazoline)
8. Sulfonylureas
9. Antimalarial drugs (cloroquine)

Show References

• Acute optic neuritis (ON) must be considered in any patient presenting with vision loss, especially if unilateral and associated with discomfort on eye movement.

• ON is a finding often (50%) associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), with or without other classic MS abnormalities such as transverse myelitis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and paresthesias. 

• A normal fundoscopic examination does not rule out ON, as 50% of acute cases affect the retrobulbar space.

• Positive pertinent clinical findings may include an afferent pupillary defect in the affected eye and/or visual acuity abnormality, ranging from subtle deficit to total blindness. 

Show References

Show References

[from Hals G. Common diagnoses become difficult diagnoses when geriatric patients visit the emergency department, part I. Emergency Medicine Reports 2010;31(9):101-110.]

Septic Arthritis versus Arthritis:

Though CRP and ESR levels are significantly higher in patients that have septic arthritis, a 1998 study showed that there is extensive overlap between patients with septic arthritis  crystal assoicated arthritis that both CRP and ESR have low sensitivity, specificity and predictive values.  Peripherial WBC counts did not differ between the two disease processes..

The morale of the story:  If you are suspecting septic arthritis you need to  perform an arthorcentesis to analysis the synovial fluid.  Systemic biomarkers can not support one diagnosis over the other.

Show References

• in the US, the right of an adolescent (<18yrs) to seek and receive treatment without parental consent varies from state to state.
• usually, the right to self-consent for treatment is specified through public health statutes when there is clinical suspicion of a STD
• many states allow minors to seek help for pregnancy, contraception, substance abuse, and mental health issues without parental consent

some absolutes or almost always cases include the following:

1. emancipated minors: moved outside of the home and support themselves financially, married, in the military, or has a child
2. emergencies: patient is unconscious or unable to give consent
3. mature-minor: possess the ability to comprehend the risks and benefits of treatment/therapy

Show References

Scombroid is caused by ingestion of preformed histamine on skin of fish.

• Naturally occurring histidine on scaly fish converted to histamine by surface bacteria - often fish left out too long, refrigeration will prevent the conversion.
• Bacteria responsible are Morganelli morganii and K. pneumoniae
• Fish: tuna, mahi mahi, amberjack, bonito, mackerel, albacore
• Fish usually appears normal though meat may tast peppery
• Patient presents minutes/hrs flushed, urticaria, HA, N/V
• Self-limited and improve within hrs even without treatment
• Antihistamines and rarley epinephrine will be needed

• There are over 6 million stroke survivors in the United States, many of whom participate in helpful support groups, along with their loved ones and caregivers.

• Stroke recovery is often a lifelong journey.

• Prognosis and outcomes significantly improve with early, stroke rehabilitation at stroke-focused units.

• Stroke rehabilitation consists of several areas of focus such as physical, occupational, and visual therapies.