UMEM Educational Pearls

Question

The clip below demonstrates normal right femoral anatomy. The structure with the asterisk is the right common femoral vein and the arrow is pointing to a branch of the right femoral vein. What is the name of the branch and what is its importance during lower extremity ultrasound?

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Four small case series (one prospective, 3 retrospective) have concluded that dexmedetomidine (Precedex) may be a useful adjunct therapy to benzodiazepines for ethanol withdrawal in the ED or ICU. They are summarized on the Academic Life in EM blog.

A new randomized, double-blind trial evaluated 24 ICU patients with severe ethanol withdrawal.

Group 1: Lorazepam + placebo

Group 2: Lorazepam + dexmedetomidine (doses of 0.4 mcg/kg/hr and 1.2 mcg/kg/hr).

  • 24-hour lorazepam requirements were reduced from 56 mg to 8 mg in the dexmedetomidine group (p=0.037).
  • 7-day cumulative lorazepam requirements were similar.
  • Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment or Riker sedation-agitation scale scores were similar within 24 hours.
  • Bradycardia occurred more frequently in the dexmedetomidine group.

Take Home Points

  1. Dexmedetomidine reduced short-term benzodiazepine requirements, but not long-term when using symptom-triggered approach.
  2. Monitor for bradycardia when using dexmedetomidine.

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Title: Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs - Maryland has one, now what?

Category: Toxicology

Keywords: prescription drug abuse (PubMed Search)

Posted: 5/1/2014 by Fermin Barrueto (Updated: 11/14/2024)
Click here to contact Fermin Barrueto

A recent article showed that District of Columbia's Prescription Drug Monitoring program (PDMP) did not change the amount of opioids prescribed after conversion to MMEs (mg morphine equivalents). It is surprising to see a varying effect of PDMPs across the USA. Some have seen dramatic decreases up to 60% in Colorado versus an actual increase of over 50% in Connecticut. Usability, lack of interstate connectivity and quality of information have been seen as rate limiting factors in the efficacy of PDMPs.

PDMPs, by themselves, are not the answer to prescription drug abuse but are an excellent adjunct. Maryland ACEP and a committee chaired by Dr. Suzanne Doyon, Director of the Poison Center, have developed Opioid Prescribing Guidelines and a Discharge pamphlet that can utilized by hospitals to assist with this epidemic. The guidelines and pamphlet have been endorsed by MDPCC, MDACEP, DHMH and a multitude of other Maryland state agencies. I have attached the guidelines.

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Background Information:

ACEP has recently revised its 2004 policy on critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients with seizures in the emergency department.

Pertinent Study Design and Conclusions:

  • A literature review was conducted to derive evidence-based recommendations to help clinicians answer 4 critical questions. Only recomendations relating to question number 4 are presented in this pearl.
  • Evidence suggests that in cases refractory to benzodiazepine, valproate works as well as phenytoin and fosphenytoin in status epilepticus as a second-line agent. Compared to phenytoin or fosphenytoin, valproate can be given more quickly and has fewer adverse effects (Level B recommendation).
  • This recommendation is intended for adult patients aged 18 years and older presenting to the ED with generalized convulsive seizures.

Bottom Line:

As an alternative to phenytoin or fosphenytoin, valproate may be considered for refractory convulsive status epilepticus if benzodiazepines fail.

University of Maryland Section of Global Emergency Health

Author: Walid Hammad, MB ChB

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Antibiotic Timing in Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock

  • Though the recent ProCESS trial has questioned the utility of central hemodynamic monitoring and protocol-based resuscitation, early antibiotic administration remains paramount in the care of patients with severe sepsis/septic shock.
  • Retrospective studies have demonstrated that delays in antibiotic administration are associated with marked increases in hospital mortality.
  • Notwithstanding, delays in antibiotic administration remain all too common.
  • Ferrer et al, have just published the largest cohort to date analyzing the association of antibiotic timing to hospital mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.  The key findings include:
    • Retrospective cohort of 17,990 patients from the SSC database.
    • Hospital mortality rose linearly for each hour delay in antibiotic administration.
    • Odds ratio for hospital mortality increased from 1 to 1.52, as the delay increased from 0 to 6 hours after presentation.
  • Key Point: Antibiotic timing matters!

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Question

66 year-old female presents with one week of epigastric and right flank pain. Urinalysis was normal. What’s the diagnosis?

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Title: Brain-heart crosstalk

Category: Cardiology

Keywords: Brain-heart syndrome, Neurogenic Stress Cardiomyopathy (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/27/2014 by Ali Farzad, MD
Click here to contact Ali Farzad, MD

“Brain-heart crosstalk” is being increasingly recognized in the acute phase after severe brain injury. Neurogenic stunned myocardium, also called ‘neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy’ (NSC), is a syndrome that can occur after severe acute neurologic injury (i.e. SAH, TBI, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, CNS infections, epilepsy, or any sudden stressful neurologic event). 
 
NSC is part of the stress-related cardiomyopathy syndrome spectrum, which includes Takotsubo syndrome. However, NSC refers specifically to myocardial dysfunction related to stress from catacholamine excess triggered by neurological injury, rather than emotional or physical stress. Neurocardiogenic injury from NSC is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality and heart failure.
 
Cardiac involvement can be appreciated with ECG changes and echocardiography. ECG changes include QT interval prolongation (large T waves & U waves), long QT syndrome & torsade de points, ST-segment depression, T-wave inversion, and ventricular & supraventricular arrhythmias. Importantly, NSC can also mimic acute myocardial infarction with LV wall motion abnormalities, and elevated cardiac biomarkers/BNP
 
Emergency physicians should be aware of the diagnostic challenges posed by NSC, and maintain a high index of suspicion when admitting a patient with an unclear clinical picture. NSC management is mainly supportive and symptomatic, based on treatment of life threatening events (i.e. malignant arrhythmias or cardiogenic shock). See references to learn more about the pathophysiology and treatment options.
 

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Title: Acetaminophen the villain of 2013

Category: Pharmacology & Therapeutics

Keywords: Tylenol, liver faliure (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/6/2014 by Brian Corwell, MD (Updated: 4/27/2014)
Click here to contact Brian Corwell, MD

Acetaminophen spent much of 2013 being chased by paparazzi and sharing magazine covers with Miley Cyrus. What a fall from stardom after becoming known as the pain reliever “hospitals use most,” and the one, “recommended by pediatricians.” Slogans we know well based on $100 million/year spent on advertising.

Approximately 150 patients a year die from unintentional acetaminophen poisoning averaged over the past 10 years. From 2001 to 2010, annual acetaminophen-related deaths amounted to about twice the number attributed to all other over-the-counter pain relievers combined, 

The FDA sets the maximum recommended daily dose of acetaminophen at 4 grams, or eight extra strength acetaminophen tablets.

Ingestion of 150 mg/kg or approximately 10g for a 70 mg individual reaches the toxic threshold for a single ingestion. The toxic threshold decreases in cases of chronic ingestion.

Patients who “unintentionally” overdose have been found to take just over 8g per day (almost double the recommended maximum).  This is unlikely due to taking one extra 325mg tablet once or twice.

Before we all go on a mad NSAID prescribing binge, let's all be aware of the dangers, educate our patients and allow Acetaminophen to walk the red carpet again.

 

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Title: Envenomation

Category: Toxicology

Keywords: Envenomation, Compartment Syndrome, Risk Factors (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/24/2014 by Kishan Kapadia, DO
Click here to contact Kishan Kapadia, DO

Venomous snakes are believed to be everywhere in the United States except Maine, Hawaii, and Alaska. Most snakebites occur from months of April to October since snakes hibernate in the winter.  Most bites occur in the extremities (lower > upper).  One of the serious clinical manifestation of snakebite is compartment syndrome.

The following are risk factors for the development of increased intracompartmental pressures:

1) Envenomation of small children

2) Envenomation of digits

3) Application of ice or cold packs

4) Delayed use of antivenin

5) Inadequate dosing of antivenin

 

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General Information:

  • Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral illness caused by the coronavirus MERS-CoV.
  • First reported as a novel species in Saudi Arabia in September 2012, it has an estimated fatality rate of 40%.
  • MERS can present like a URI or can be as severe as pneumonia and ARDS.
  • More than half of the laboratory-confirmed secondary cases have been associated with health care settings.

Area of the world affected:

  • A second spike of cases occurred over the past few weeks in the Arabian Peninsula and has spread to Northern Africa and Europe.
  • All cases outside of the Middle East involve patients that have either been to the Middle East or have been in contact with someone returning from the region.

Relevance to the US physician:

  • Inbound travel to the US from the Middle East increases significantly between April and September. The WHO’s Global Alert Response recommends that countries with travelers from the Arabian Peninsula maintain a high level of vigilance.

Bottom Line:

Evaluate patients for MERS-CoV infection if they develop fever and pneumonia within 14 days after traveling to countries in or near the Middle East or if they had close contact with someone from this area.

University of Maryland Section of Global Emergency Health

Author: Walid Hammad, MB ChB

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Title: Considering "The Lethal Duo" when Intubating the patient with TBI

Category: Critical Care

Keywords: intubation, neurocritical care, mechanical ventilation, direct laryngoscopy, video laryngoscopy (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/20/2014 by John Greenwood, MD (Updated: 4/22/2014)
Click here to contact John Greenwood, MD

 

Direct vs. video laryngoscopy in the patient with an acute TBI

Hypoxia and hypotension are considered the "lethal duo" in patients with traumatic brain injury.  In a recent randomized control trial (by our own Dr. Dale Yeatts at the Shock Trauma Center) mortality outcomes were compared between 623 consecutive patients who were intubated with either direct laryngoscopy (DL) or video laryngoscopy (VL).  Here is what they found:

1. No significant difference in mortality for all comers (Primary Outcome)
2. In the subset of patients with severe head injuries, there was:

  • A significantly higher mortality in patients with TBI if VL was used
  • A significantly longer intubation duration for VL (74 sec) than DL (65 sec)
  • A greater incidence of low oxygen saturations of 80% or less in the VL group (27 patients) than DL (15 patients) - objectively recorded data, not self reported.

There is a reasonable amount of literature that shows hypoxia and hypotension significantly contribute to morbidity & mortality in the TBI patient, and a growing body of literature that suggests intubation with VL takes longer than DL.

 

Bottom Line: When choosing a method of intubation for the TBI patient, remember the "Lethal Duo" and consider direct laryngoscopy with manual inline stabilization first.

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Subcutaneous Defibrillator

- The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has evolved from devices through epicardial patch electrodes introduced by thoracotomy to transvenous leads advanced to the right ventricle

- Transvenous ICD (T-ICD) reduced the morbidity associated w/thoracotomy implants, however involves potential complications including: hemopericardium, hemothorax, pneumothorax, lead dislodgement, lead malfunction, device-related infection, and venous occlusion

- Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) offers the advantage of eliminating the need for intravenous & intracardiac leads. Clinical trials have proven its effectiveness in detecting and treating ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia; however its major disadvantage is its inability to provide bradycardia rate support and anti-tachycardia pacing to terminate ventricular tachycardia

- No study has directly compared the T-ICD & the S-ICD, however clinical data suggests that its use be considered in relatively younger patients (i.e., age <40 years), those at increased risk for bacteremia, patients with indwelling intravascular hardware at risk for endovascular infection, or in patients with compromised venous access

 

 

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Title: Scabies diagnosis in kids

Category: Pediatrics

Keywords: scabies, pediatrics (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/18/2014 by Jenny Guyther, MD
Click here to contact Jenny Guyther, MD

Scabies is considered by the WHO to be one of the main neglected diseases with approximately 300 million cases worldwide each year. One third of cases of scabies seen by dermatologists are in kids less than 16 years old. The belief had been that presentation varies by age.  One French study reported a first time miss rate of more than 41% and an overall diagnostic delay of 62 days.
 

A prospective, multi center observational study of patients with confirmed scabies sought to determine common phenotypes in children. All patients were seen by dermatologists in France and administered standard questionnaires.  They were divided into 3 age groups, <2 years, 2-15 years and > 15 years.  323 patients were included.

The study found that: 
-infants were more likely to have facial involvement and nodules, especially on the back and axilla
-relapse was more common in < 15 year olds - this was hypothesized to be due to poor compliance with treatment to the head
-family members with itch, or planter or scalp involvement were independently associated with diagnosis of scabies in kids < 2 years
-burrows were seen in 78%, nodules in 67% and vesicles of 43% of patients (see photo)
-itching was absent in up to 10% of patients

Bottom line:  Have a high suspicion for scabies in any rash.

 

 

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Title: Predictors of esophageal injury in caustic ingestion?

Category: Toxicology

Keywords: caustic ingestion; esophageal injury (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/17/2014 by Hong Kim, MD (Updated: 11/14/2024)
Click here to contact Hong Kim, MD

Caustic ingestion can potentially cause significant esophageal and/or gastric injury that can lead to significant morbidity, including death.

 

Endoscopy is often performed:

·      To determine the presence of caustic injury.

·      To determine the severity of caustic injury (grade: I to III).

 

Grade

Tissue finding

Sequela

I

•  Erythema or edema of mucosa

•  No ulceration

No adverse sequela

IIa

•  Submucosal ulceration and exudates

•  NOT circumferential

No adverse sequela

IIB

•  Submucosal ulceration and exudates

•  Near or circumferential

Stricture > 70%

IIII

•  Deep ulcers/necrosis

•  Periesophageal tissue involvement

Acute

Perforation and death

Chronic

Strictures and increased cancer risk

 

·      Placement of orogastric or nasograstic tube for nutritional support if needed (grade IIb and III)

 

Evidence for predictor of esophageal injury (frequently cited) comes from mostly studies involving pediatric population and unintentional ingestion:

1.     Gaudreault et al. Pediatrics 1983;71:767-770.

o   Studied signs/symptoms: nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, refusal to drink, abdominal pain, drooling or oropharyngeal burn

o   Presence of symptoms: Grade 0/I lesion: 82%; Grade II: 18%

o   Absence of symptoms: Grade 0/I: 88%; Grade II: 12%

2.     Crain et al. Am J Dis Child. 1984;138(9):863-865

o   Presence of 2 or more (vomiting, drooling and stridor) identified all (n=7) grade II and III lesion.

o   Presence of 1 or no symptoms: no grade II/III lesions

o   Stridor alone associated with grade II/III lesions (n=2)

o   10% of patients without oropharyngeal burns had grade II/III lesions.

3.     Gorman et al. Am J Emerge Med 1990;10(3):189-194.

o   Two or more symptoms: vomiting, dysphagia, abdominal pain or oral burns

o   Sensitivity: 94%; specificity 49%

o   Positive predictive value 43% ; negative predictive value: 96%

o   Stridor alone (n=3): grade II or greater lesion

4.     Previtera et al. Pediatric Emerg Care 1990;6(3):176-178.

o   Esopheal injury in 37.5% of patients without oropharyngeal burn

o   Grade II/III injury: 8 patients

 

Available data suggests that there are no “good” or reliable predictors for esophageal injury.

 

However, high suspicion for gastrointestinal injury should be considered with GI consultation for endoscopy in the presence of

·      Stridor alone

·      Two or more sx: vomiting, drooling or stridor (Crain et al)

·      Intentional suicide attempt



Title: The Overlooked Epidemic

Category: International EM

Keywords: International, Mental Health, burden of disease (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/15/2014 by Andrea Tenner, MD (Updated: 4/16/2014)
Click here to contact Andrea Tenner, MD

General Information: 

  • Mental disorders account for 7.4% of the world’s burden of disease in terms of disability-adjusted life years and nearly 25% of all years lived with disability — more than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Source: 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study)
  • Suicide is a leading cause of death among young people globally
  • Evidence suggests that people with mental disorders are often subject to severe human rights violations

Relevance to the US physician:

  • The majority of the world’s population has no access to the pharmacologic, psychological, and social interventions that can transform lives.
  • In May 2013, 194 ministers of health adopted the WHO Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan, recognizing mental health as a global health priority.

Bottom Line:

Mental illness is an often-forgotten cause of significant morbidity worldwide. Front-line care delivered by appropriately trained and supervised community-based health workers operating in partnership with emergency physicians, primary care physicians, and mental health specialists is key to address this health crisis.

University of Maryland Section of Global Emergency Health

Author: Terrence Mulligan DO, MPH

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  • Only 50% of hemodynamically unstable patients will improve their hemodynamics in response to a fluid bolus. However, because excessive fluid administration can lead to organ edema and dysfunction, it is important to give hemodynamically unstable patients only the necessary amount of fluids to improve their hemodynamics.

  • There are two general categories of assessing a patient's response to volume administration; static and dynamic assessments (see referenced article below):

    • Static assessment (generally unreliable, but traditionally used):

      • Physical exam (dry mucus membranes, cool extremities, etc.)

      • Urine output

      • Blood pressure

      • Central venous pressure via central-line

    • Dynamic assessment (more reliable but more labor intensive)

      • Pulse Pressure Variation

      • IVC Distensibility Index

      • End-expiratory occlusion test

      • Passive Leg-Raise

  • There is no simple way to accurately determine the need for a fluid bolus however the integration of the techniques above can help the clinician make better decisions.

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Question

25 year-old female (G1P1) presents with 3 weeks of vaginal bleeding. Her serum beta-HCG is 65,000. Her bedside ultrasound is below; what's the diagnosis? 

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Title: Airway management in out of hospital cardiac arrest

Category: Cardiology

Keywords: Out of hospital cardiac arrest, OHCA, Prehospital airway management (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/13/2014 by Ali Farzad, MD
Click here to contact Ali Farzad, MD

Optimal out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) airway management strategies remain unclear. In the US, 80% of OHCA patients receive prehospital airway management, most commonly endotracheal intubation (ETI). There is growing enthusiasm for use of supra-glottic airways (SGA) by EMS because of ease of insertion, and the thought that use of SGA reduces interruptions in chest compressions. More recently, studies have suggested improved survival without the insertion of any advanced airway device at all. 

A recent secondary analysis of OHCA outcomes in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) compared patients receiving endotracheal intubation (ETI) versus supra-glottic airway (SGA), and also patients receiving [ETI or SGA] with those receiving no advanced airway. 

Of 10,691 OHCA, 5591 received ETI, 3110 SGA, and 1929 had no advanced airway. Unadjusted neurologically-intact survival was: ETI 5.4%, SGA 5.2%, no advanced airway 18.6%. Compared with SGA, ETI achieved higher sustained ROSC, survival to hospital admission, hospital survival, and hospital discharge with good neurologic outcome. Moreover, compared with [ETI or SGA], patients who received no advanced airway attained higher survival to hospital admission, hospital survival, and hospital discharge with good neurologic outcome. 

Conclusion: In CARES, patients receiving no advanced airway exhibited superior outcomes than those receiving ETI or SGA. When an advanced airway was used, ETI was associated with improved outcomes compared to SGA.

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Title: Sweets Before Sticks

Category: Pediatrics

Posted: 4/11/2014 by Rose Chasm, MD (Updated: 11/14/2024)
Click here to contact Rose Chasm, MD

  • Male infants are routinely given a sweet solution prior to circumcision for analgesia.
  • Michelis and Hoyle recently published a great review of the possible use of sweet solutions in the ED for pediatric patients.
  • Pediatric patients often undergo painful, but rather routine procedures in the ED such as IV and urinary catheter placement, venipuncture, and lumbar punctures.
  • More often than not, however, they are not provided analgesia prior to these procedures.
  • It is believed that repetitive early pain events lead to anxiety and other behavioral disorders while also decreasing pain tolerance.
  • In children less than 12 months, consider giving a sweet solution (2mL of 24% sucrose) 2 minutes before any painful procedure.
  • Multiple studies indicate decreased pain as measured by significantly reduced crying times.
  • It's cheap, safe, and works!

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Title: Gabapentin for Treatment of Alcohol Dependence

Category: Toxicology

Keywords: alcohol, gabapentin, dependence (PubMed Search)

Posted: 4/7/2014 by Bryan Hayes, PharmD (Updated: 4/10/2014)
Click here to contact Bryan Hayes, PharmD

In a 12-week treatment course,150 alcohol-dependent patients were randomized to receive placebo, gabapentin 900 mg/day, or gabapentin 1,800 mg/day.

  • The abstinence rate was 4.1% (95%CI, 1.1%-13.7%) in the placebo group, 11.1% (95%CI, 5.2%-22.2%) in the 900-mg group, and 17.0% (95%CI, 8.9%-30.1%) in the 1,800-mg group (P = .04 for linear dose effect; number needed to treat [NNT] = 8 for 1,800 mg).
  • The no heavy drinking rate was 22.5% (95%CI, 13.6%-37.2%) in the placebo group, 29.6% (95%CI, 19.1%-42.8%) in the 900-mg group, and 44.7% (95%CI, 31.4%-58.8%) in the 1,800-mg group (P = .02 for linear dose effect; NNT = 5 for 1,800 mg).
Gabapentin significantly improved the rates of abstinence and no heavy drinking. No serious adverse effects were reported.
 
Gabapentin may offer an additional treatment option for alcohol dependent patients.

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