Category: Toxicology
Keywords: opioid use disorder, fentanyl exposure, baltimore, (PubMed Search)
Posted: 6/13/2019 by Hong Kim, MD
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Since 2013, the availability of fentanyl has been increasing in the illicit drug supply, especially in heroin supply. Fentanyl and its analogs have been responsible for the dramatic increase in opioid overdose death over the past 5 years.
Two recent cross-sectional studies screened ED patients with opioid use disorder for fentanyl exposure.
Study 1:
Study 2:
Bottom line:
Bach H et al. Prevalence of fentanly exposure among emergency department patients with history of opioid abuse. Clin Toxicol 2019 May https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1598646 (Abstract presented at the EAPCCT 2019, Naples, Italy)
Dezman ZDW et al. Evidence of fentanyl use is common and frequently missed in a cross-sectional study of emergency deparmtne patients in Baltimore, Maryland. Clin Toxicol 2019 April 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1605078
Category: Neurology
Keywords: seizure, status epilepticus, benzodiazepine, antiepileptic, failure (PubMed Search)
Posted: 6/12/2019 by WanTsu Wendy Chang, MD
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Bottom Line: Underdosing of benzodiazepines in status epilepticus may contribute to treatment failure.
Follow me on Twitter @EM_NCC
Category: Critical Care
Keywords: Achondroplasia, vertebral arteries, mechanical ventilation (PubMed Search)
Posted: 6/11/2019 by Robert Brown, MD
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
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Little people (patients with achondroplasia or "dwarfism") have little lungs. Even though the trunk may appear to be a normal size with small limbs, the vital capacity is actually about 75% the predicted value based on the patient's sitting height. Macrocephaly and a decreased anterior-posterior depth are the cause for this. When you want to mechanically ventilate a little person, you can estimate their height based on a typical person with the same sitting height, but their actual volume will be about 3/4 the tidal volume predicted.
When intubating, remember these patients also have a high risk of basicranial hypoplasia (the foramen magnum may be small and key-hole shaped). These patients will be predisposed to compress the vertebral arteries when you tilt the head back and this itself can cause ischemia of the medulla and pons leading to central apnea.
Stokes DC, Wohl ME, Wise RA, et al. The lungs and airways in Achondroplasia. Do little people have little lungs? CHEST. 1990; 98(1):145-52
Pauli RM. Achondroplasia: A comprehensive review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2019; 14(1):
Stokes DC, Wohl ME, Wise RA, et al. The lungs and airways in Achondroplasia. Do little people have little lungs? CHEST. 1990; 98(1):145-52
Pauli RM. Achondroplasia: A comprehensive review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2019; 14(1):
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Spine, Autonomic Dysfunction (PubMed Search)
Posted: 6/8/2019 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
Click here to contact Brian Corwell, MD
Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) refers to inflammation of gray and white matter in one or more adjacent spinal cord segments leading to acute/subacute dysfunction of all cord functions (i.e., motor, sensory, and autonomic).
There is a bimodal peak between ages 10-19 years and ages 30-39 years.
Most cases are idiopathic
Some patients may have had a preceding viral infection or autoimmune disorder.
The thoracic cord is most commonly involved.
Onset is characterized by acute/subacute development of neurologic signs and symptoms consistent with motor weakness, sensory changes or autonomic dysfunction.
Pain in the head, neck, and/or back may occur.
Motor and sensory changes occur below the level of the lesion and are more likely to be bilateral.
Motor symptoms include a rapidly progressing paraparesis.
Autonomic dysfunction may include urinary urgency or difficulty voiding, bowel or bladder incontinence, tenesmus, constipation, and sexual dysfunction.
Despite its low incidence, consider in a patient presents with a classic constellation of symptoms,
Rapid identification, and early initiation of treatment predicts the best outcomes
Diagnosis: whole spine MRI with and without gadolinium
Management: goals include reducing cord inflammation (IV glucocorticoids), alleviating symptoms (pain management, bladder decompression), and treating underlying causes (e.g., infections, autoimmune) as appropriate.
Category: Toxicology
Keywords: toxic substance, online retailers, amazon.com, (PubMed Search)
Posted: 6/6/2019 by Hong Kim, MD
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Many chemicals and substances - both legal and illegal - can be purchased from an online retailer. A recent study searched Amazon.com to see if any of the "extremely hazardaous substances" identified by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were available for purchase.
Amazon.com was searched over 10-month period.
Result:
Bottom line:
Toxic substances are readily available from many online retailers that can potentially cause serious toxicity. Online retailers should consult with experts and governmental agencies to limit the availability of such products.
Learnoad JB et al. Prime eligible poisons: identification of extremely hazardous substances available on Amazon.com. 2019 Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019 Apr 30:1-4. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1594870. [Epub ahead of print]
Category: Critical Care
Keywords: Pulmonary Hypertension, Home Therapies (PubMed Search)
Posted: 6/4/2019 by Mark Sutherland, MD
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Some patients with severe pulmonary hypertension receive continuous infusions at home of prostacyclins, such as epoprostanol (flolan). These are generally delivered via a pump that the patient wears, which is attached to an indwelling catheter. As with any indwelling device, they are at risk for infection and other complications, including malfunction.
Interruption of delivery of the medication can result in rapid cardiovascular collapse, sometimes within minutes. In this instance, the medication should be resumed as quickly as possible (by a traditional IV if the catheter is not functional), and the patients should be treated as one would approach a patient with decompensated right heart failure.
I once saw a patient in the ED whose listed chief complaint was "medication refill", but was actually there for dislodgement of her prostacyclin catheter (thankfully she was ok). With more patients receiving devices they are dependent upon (insulin pumps, AICDs, prostacyclin catheters), be wary of chief complaints such as "medication refill" or "device malfunction."
Bottom Line: Interruption of continuous prostacyclin therapy for pulmonary hypertension can be rapidly fatal and should be addressed immediately.
Farber HW, Gin-sing W. Practical considerations for therapies targeting the prostacyclin pathway. Eur Respir Rev. 2016;25(142):418-430.
Maron BA, Zamanian R, Waxman AB, eds. Contemporary pharmacotherapies involving nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and endothelin receptor signaling pathways. In: Maron BA, Zamanian R, Waxman AB, eds. Pulmonary Hypertension: Basic Science to Clinical Medicine. Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2016; pp. 257–270
Category: Airway Management
Keywords: prothrombin complex concentrate, warfarin, bleeding (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/29/2019 by Ashley Martinelli
(Updated: 6/1/2019)
Click here to contact Ashley Martinelli
For patients with bleeding due to warfarin, prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) is the recommended antidote. Historically, PCC has been dosed on weight and INR:
· INR 2 - 4: 25 units/kg, max 2500 units
· INR 4 - 6: 35 units/kg, max 3500 units
· INR > 6: 50 units/kg, max 5000 units
New data demonstrates that fixed dosing offers several advantages with similar efficacy outcomes:
· Standardized dosing
· Improved time to administration
· Decreased cost
The University of Maryland Health System has adopted a fixed dose strategy for all patients with warfarin-associated critical bleeding:
· Bleeding site other than intracranial hemorrhage AND INR 1.4 - 6 AND weight ≤ 100 kg = 1500 units
· Intracranial hemorrhage OR > 100 kg OR INR >6 = 2000 units
**Note: PCC is also the antidote of choice for reversing critical bleeding due to factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban). All critical bleeds due to these agents should receive 50 units/kg, max 5000 units.
Klein L, Peters J, Miner J, Gorlin J. Evaluation of fixed dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33: 1213-12128.
Astrup G, Sarangarm P, Burnett A. Fixed dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for the emergent reversal of warfarin: a retrospective analysis. J Thrombosis Thrombolysis. 2018;45:300-305.
Scott R, Kersten B, Baisor J, Nadler M. Evaluation of fixed-dose four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal in patients with intracranial hemorrhage. J Emerg Med. 2018;54(6):861-866.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: cancer, pediatrics (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/25/2019 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
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Bone tumors can present as MSK pain!
Pain may be activity related initially (can lead to misdiagnosis)
Over time will progress to rest pain and night pain
1) Primary osteosarcoma - most common primary malignant bone tumor
Adolescents, male > female
70% occur about the knee (also in hip/pelvis and upper arm)
pain, swelling, tenderness to palpation
Consider in the presentation of non traumatic knee pain!
2) Ewing's sarcoma
Peak incidence ages 10-20, male > female
pain, swelling, tendernes to palpation
Elevated temps and ESR
Consider in the differential of osteomyelitis!!
Variable location - lusually the extremities but also pelvis, scapula, ribs
Category: Pediatrics
Posted: 5/24/2019 by Mimi Lu, MD
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Presentation:
- Prepubertal females are especially susceptible to urethral prolapse
- Can present incidentally is a painless mass found during bathing or on exam
- More commonly presents as urogenital bleeding, dysuria, or (rarely) urinary retention
Evaluation:
- Appears as a partial or circumferential "donut" of bright red, often friable prolapsed mucosa
- Typically occurs in the setting of UTI, cough, or constipation
- Need to rule out complications: UTI, urethral necrosis, and urinary retention
Treatment:
- Medical management start with sitz baths twice daily and addressing causative factors (treatment constipation, UTI, etc.)
- Can add either topical corticosteroid (hydrocortisone) or estrogen (Estrace or Premarin 0.01% twice daily)
- Urology follow-up necessary as many will require surgical resection of prolapsed mucosa
Category: Critical Care
Keywords: Alarm fatigue (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/21/2019 by Robert Brown, MD
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
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In a study of alarms from 77 monitored ICU beds over the course of a month at the University of California, San Francisco, false alarms were common. Accellerated Ventircular Rhythms (AVRs) made up roughly one third of the alarms, and of the more than 4,361 AVRs, 94.9% were false while the remaining 5.1% did not result in a clinical action.
While this study had a majority of patients in the Med/Surg ICUs, a minority were from the cardiac and neurologic ICUs giving it some broad applicability. This study adds to the literature indicating there are subsets of alarms which may not be necessary or which may require adjustment to increase specificity.
Suba S, Sandoval CS, Zegre-Hemsey J, et al. Contribution of Electrocardiographic Accelerated Ventricular Rhythm Alarms to Alarm Fatigue. American Journal of Critical Care. 2019; 28(3):222-229
Suba S, Sandoval CS, Zegre-Hemsey J, et al. Contribution of Electrocardiographic Accelerated Ventricular Rhythm Alarms to Alarm Fatigue. American Journal of Critical Care. 2019; 28(3):222-229
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Rotation, Fracture, Phalanx (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/18/2019 by Michael Bond, MD
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Remember to evaluate for any rotational deformity when evaluating patients with a phalanx fracture.
The easiest way to do this is to have the patient flex all their fingers. They should all point to the scaphoid. If a finger deviates or overlaps another finger there is a rotational deformity. One should also make sure that all the nailbeds align.
This video shows how to evaluate for rotation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dhp25UVn7RQ
Even if the finger is reduced otherwise, persistent rotational deformities should be referred to a hand surgeon for consideration of corrective surgery.
Category: Pediatrics
Keywords: ingestion, drug overdose, marijuana (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/17/2019 by Jenny Guyther, MD
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Washington state was one of the first states to legalize recreational marijuana use. Toxicology call center data was collected on patient's 9 years old and younger with marijuana exposure between July 2010 and July 2016. There were 161 cases during that time frame and of those 130 occurred after the legalization of recreational marijuana (over a 2.5 year period). The median age range was 2 years old. There were increasing cases noted after recreational marijuana was legalized and again after marijuana shops became legal.
Thomas et al. Unintentional pediatric marijuana exposures prior to and after localization and commercial availability of recreational marijuana in Washington state. J Emerg Med 2019 Mar 4.S0736-4679 (19).
Category: Toxicology
Keywords: Hypoglycemia, Drug induced (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/16/2019 by Kathy Prybys, MD
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Drug-induced hypoglycemia is an important cause of hypoglycemia which should be considered in any patient presenting with altered mental status. In one study, drug-induced hypoglycemia represented 23% of all hospital admissions attributed to adverse drug events. Risk factors for developing hypoglycemia include older age, renal or hepatic insufficiency, concurrent use of insulin or sulfonylureas, infection, ethanol use, or severe comorbidities. The most commonly cited drugs associated with hypoglycemia include:
*In Glipizide users, there was 2-3 fold higher odds of hypoglycemia with concurrent use of sulfamethoxale-trimethoprim, fluconazole, and levofloxacin compared with patients using Cephalexin.
**Tramadol potentially induces hypoglycemia by effects on hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing insulin release and peripheral utlizilation. Was seen in elderly at initiation of therapy within first 30 days.
BOTTOM LINE:
Take care in prescribing drugs known to increase risk of hypoglycemia in elderly patients, with comorbidities, or those already taking medications associated with hypoglycemia.
Drug induced hypoglycemia, A Systematic Review. Hassan M. et al. J Clin Endo & Metab. 94(3) March 2009. 741-45.
Hypogylcemia after antimicrobial drug prescription for older patients using sulfonylureas. Parekh TM, Raji M, et al. JAMA Intern Med. 2014. 1605-12.
Tramadol Use and the Risk of Hospitalization for Hypoglycemia in Patients with Noncancer Pain. Fournier J, Azoulay L. et al. Jama Intern Med. 2015;175(2):186-193.
Hypoglycemic effects of tramadol analgesia in hospitalized patients: a case-control study. Golightly LK. Simendinger BA. et al. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017;16:30.
Category: Critical Care
Keywords: capillary refill, lactate, sepsis (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/14/2019 by Mark Sutherland, MD
Click here to contact Mark Sutherland, MD
Bottom Line: Consider using capillary refill as an alternate (or complimentary) endpoint to lactate clearance when resuscitating your septic shock patients.
Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón GA, Damiani LP, et al. Effect of a Resuscitation Strategy Targeting Peripheral Perfusion Status vs Serum Lactate Levels on 28-Day Mortality Among Patients With Septic Shock: The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(7):654–664. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0071
Andromeda-shock - Capillary Refill Vs. Lactate. Clay Smith - https://journalfeed.org/article-a-day/2019/andromeda-shock-rct-perfusion-vs-lactate
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Hyperthermia, cold water immersion (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/11/2019 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
Click here to contact Brian Corwell, MD
The TACO method (tarp assisted cooling with oscillation)
Cold water immersion (CWI) remains the standard for cooling in exercise induced hyperthermia
A low cost alternative is modified cold water immersion.
Sometimes, monetary reasons and location venue prevent the feasibility of CWI
Benefits: fast, cheap, portable
Portable – Allows for on site location at area of collapse
Cheap: Equipment required – 3 providers, 1 tarp, 20 gallons of water and 10 gallons of ice
Fast: Average time to set up – 3.4 minutes
The TACO method – fast effective reduction in core temperatures
May be up to 75% as effective as CWI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxjP0-_RIdc
Hosokawa, Yuri et al.
Annals of Emergency Medicine , Volume 69 , Issue 3 , 347 - 352
Category: Critical Care
Posted: 5/7/2019 by Mike Winters, MBA, MD
Click here to contact Mike Winters, MBA, MD
Management of Coagulopathy in Acute Liver Failure
Trovato FM, et al. Update on the management of acute liver failure. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2019; 25:157-164.
Category: Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Keywords: Milrinone, dobutamine, insulin, pumps (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/4/2019 by Ashley Martinelli
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
Click here to contact Ashley Martinelli
Continuous home infusion therapies of medications such as insulin, milrinone, dobutamine, and pulmonary hypertension medication such as treprostinil are becoming more common. As a result, you may see these patients present to the emergency room and need to know the basics for checking the pump.
These questions are very important to determine if you will need to order a replacement infusion bag and run it on a hospital infusion pump, or if the patient can safely remain on their pump during the initial medical evaluation.
Category: Toxicology
Keywords: guanfacine, ADHD, pediatric, toxicity (PubMed Search)
Posted: 5/3/2019 by Hong Kim, MD
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
Click here to contact Hong Kim, MD
Guanfacine is a presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (similar to clonidine) that is FDA approved to treat ADHD in pediatric patients 6 years of age and older. A recently published study characterized the pediatric exposure to guanfacine between 2000 and 2016.
Most frequently reported clinical effect (n=10927)
Severe clinical effects (n=10927)
Duration of clinical effect
Conclusion
Category: Critical Care
Keywords: Mechanical Ventilation, Paralytics (PubMed Search)
Posted: 4/27/2019 by Mark Sutherland, MD
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
Click here to contact Mark Sutherland, MD
Many, if not nearly all, of our intubated patients in the ED have altered mental status, a potential to clinically worsen, or a requirement for medications that would alter their respiratory status (e.g. propofol, opioids, paralytics). It is imperative to place these patients on appropriate ventilator modes to avoid apnea when their respiratory status changes.
Category: Neurology
Keywords: MRI, neuro exam, bladder, gait (PubMed Search)
Posted: 4/24/2019 by Danya Khoujah, MBBS
(Updated: 11/12/2024)
Click here to contact Danya Khoujah, MBBS
Gorter K. Influence of laminectomy on the course of cervical myelopathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1976;33(3Y4):265-281