UMEM Educational Pearls

Title: Conservative oxygenation during mechanical ventilation

Category: Critical Care

Keywords: conservative oxygenation (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/26/2019 by Quincy Tran, MD, PhD (Updated: 11/26/2024)
Click here to contact Quincy Tran, MD, PhD

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  • Patients: mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Randomization of 1000 patients.
  • Intervention: conservative oxygen therapy, if spO2 reached 97%, then FiO2 was lowered to 0.21
  • Comparison: no specific limits for FiO2 or SpO2.
  • Outcome: number of ventilator-free days at 28 days after randomization.

Study Results:

  • 484 conservative-oxygen group vs  481 to the usual oxygen group
  • Comparing to the conservative-oxygen group had:
  • more time at FiO2 21 (29 hours vs. 28 hours),
  • less time with SpO2 > 97% (27 hours vs. 49 hours)
  • Similar ventilator-free days: 21 days vs. 22 days.

Discussion:

This study’s results differed from previous single center study (Girardis JAMA 2016) or meta analysis (Chu DK, Lancer 2018), which showed mortality benefit in patients with conservative oxygen (Girardis & Chu) and more ventilator-free days (Girardis).

Conclusion: Conservative oxygen did not significantly affect the ventilator free days of mechanically ventilated patients.

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Question

A ~55 year-old female with a history of ESRD and diabetes who presented to the ED with progressively worsening foot odor. An x-ray was performed. The picture below shows the right foot.

What is the diagnosis?

 

 

 

 

 

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The role of skeletal muscle relaxants in the management of lower back pain in the ED

 

Patients with lower back pain (LBP) presenting to the ED are often treated with NSAIDs plus skeletal muscle relaxants.

A recent study in Annals of Emergency Medicine compared functional outcomes and pain in ED patients with acute non radicular LBP with 4 different treatment regimens.

 

  1. Ibuprofen plus placebo
  2. Ibuprofen plus baclofen
  3. Ibuprofen plus metaxalone
  4. Ibuprofen plus tizanidine

 

Conclusion: Adding a muscle relaxant to ibuprofen did not improve pain or improve function at 1 week following an ED visit for LBP.

 

Note: Prior studies have found no benefit to adding opioids or diazepam to NSAIDs  for ED patients with acute non radicular LBP

 

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As of November 20, 2019:

2290 cases of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) from 49 states (except Alaska), District of Columbia and 2 U.S. territories.

  • Largest number of cases (150-199) reported from CA, TX and IL
  • 47 deaths

Analysis of 29 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples from EVALI patients submitted to CDC from 10 states showed:

  • Vitamin E acetate in all samples 
  • THC: 82%
  • Nicotine: 62%
  • No other chemicals of concern were identified (e.g. plant oil, mineral oil, terpenes, etc.) 

*** Vitamin E acetate appears to be associated with EVALI but the investigation is continuing.*** 

  • Oral ingestion of vitamin E acetate does not cause harm.
  • High dose vitamin E supplementation (>2000 IU/day [2000 mg/day]) can cause GI symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.

Some research has suggested that oral vitamin E use has potential beneficial effects (i.e. anti-inflammatory/antioxidant) in the lung (e.g. asthma and allergic lung disease), cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer (Cook-Mills JM et al. 2013; Jiang Q et al. 2001)

Common uses of vitamin E

  • Topical cosmetic skin products (skin cream) for antioxidant effect.
  • Essential dietary vitamin (fat soluble) found in many food items and as dietary supplement.
  • In vaping products: vitamin E is used as an additive/thickening agent in THC containing e-cigarette, or vaping products.

There is limited to no data on pulmonary effect of vitamin E from inhalation in the scientific literature.

Stay tuned for additional updates from CDC.

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Title: Pain Management in Geriatric Orthopaedic Patient

Category: Orthopedics

Keywords: geriatrics, orthopaedic, fractur (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/16/2019 by Michael Bond, MD (Updated: 11/26/2024)
Click here to contact Michael Bond, MD

Pain management is an essential component of care for all patients with orthopedic emergencies, however, one needs to be careful of how pain medication activity can change in a geriatric patient due to:
  1. Decreased hepatic function
  2. Decreased renal function
  3. Multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy that can affect pharmokinetics of pain medications.

Therefore, pain medications must be dosed carefully, which runs the risk of underdosing.  Pain medications can also contribute to delerium, and decreased functional status.

Recommendations:

  1. Start with non-opioid medications in most cases. Consider combination acetaminophen and ibuprofen/naproxen.
  2. Consider regional nerve blocks where applicable due to the decreased risk of systemic side effects and excellent analgesic properties.
  3. If using opioids, start low and reassess and use the lowest dose possible. Remember half-lifes are often prolonged so patient may not need the standard dosing interview.


Title: At what age should I test for strep throat in children?

Category: Pediatrics

Keywords: Sore throat, strep throat (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/15/2019 by Jenny Guyther, MD (Updated: 11/26/2024)
Click here to contact Jenny Guyther, MD

Streptococcal pharyngitis is common in the pediatric population however in children younger than 3 years, group A streptococcus (GAS) is a rare cause of sore throat and sequela including acute rheumatic fever are very rare.  Inappropriate testing leads to increased healthcare and unnecessary exposure to antibiotics.

The national guidelines published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America do NOT recommend GAS testing in children less than the age of 3 years unless the patient meets clinical criteria and has a home contact with documented GAS.

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Title: Observation for the development of metformin associated lactic acidosis after an acute metformin overdose

Category: Toxicology

Keywords: meformin overdose, metformin associated lactic acidosis, observation period (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/14/2019 by Hong Kim, MD
Click here to contact Hong Kim, MD

 

Metformin is one of the most commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemic agents. Metformin associated lactic acidosis (MALA) is uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of metformin overdose. 

Lactic acidosis occurs due to inhibition of mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, resulting in decreased conversion of lactic acid to pyruvate.

A small retrospective study (using Illinois Poison Center data) attempted to characterize the development of MALA after an acute overdose.

MALA was defined as 

  • Lactate: > 5 mmol/L
  • Acidemia: (HCO3< 20 mmol/L or pH < 7.35)

Results

40 cases of MALA identified between Jan. 2001 to Dec. 2014

  • Meadian age: 41 year
  • Female: 55%
  • Acute on chronic ingestion: 62.5%
  • Hypoglycemia: 3 (7.5%)

Time to development of MALA (n=30)

  • <=6 hours: 18 (60%)
  • 6-12 hours: 9 (30%)
  • >12 hours: 3 (10%)
  • Unknown: 10

Death: 1 (2.5%)

 

Conclusion

  1. The majority of MALA developed within 6 hours. However, delayed onset of MALA can occur, up to 12 hours post ingestion.
  2. Minimum of 12 hour of observation is recommended after an acute metformin overdose.

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Title: PEA ... or is it?

Category: Critical Care

Keywords: OHCA, cardiac arrest, resuscitation, PEA, pesudo-PEA, pulseless electrical activity (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/12/2019 by Kami Windsor, MD
Click here to contact Kami Windsor, MD

 

When managing cardiac arrest, it is important to differentiate PEA, the presence of organized electrical activity without a pulse, from "pseudo-PEA,"where there is no pulse but there IS cardiac activity visualized on ultrasound. 

 

Why: 

  • Pseudo-PEA is essentially a profound, low-flow shock state that often has reversible causes, such as hypovolemia, massive PE, tension pneumothorax, etcetera.
  • Compared to PEA, with appropriate care patients with pseudo-PEA have a higher rate of ROSC as well as overall survival.

How: 

  • POCUS during rhythm check in cardiac arrest. Be careful not to prolong the pause in compressions; acquire the US, if needed, for review once hands are back on the chest. 

What:

  • In addition to searching for & addressing reversible causes of the pseudo-PEA, manage the profound shock state with pressors and/or inotropic support.
  • In EDs where TEE is utilized during cardiac arrest resuscitations, strongly consider synchronization of external compressions with intrinsic cardiac activity to potentially improve ventricular filling and therefore coronary perfusion pressure.

 

Bottom Line: Pseudo-PEA is different from PEA. Utilize POCUS during your cardiac arrests to identify it and to help diagnose reversible causes, and treat it as a profound shock state with the appropriate supportive measures, i.e. pressors or inotropy. 

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Title: Lateral hip pain

Category: Orthopedics

Keywords: Hip pain, bursitis (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/9/2019 by Brian Corwell, MD (Updated: 11/26/2024)
Click here to contact Brian Corwell, MD

Lateral hip pain is a common presentation of hip pain.

Typically seen in runners and women over the age of 40 who start unaccustomed exercise.

Pain from OA of the hip which is typically medial (groin pain)

Lateral hip pain has traditionally been diagnosed at trochanteric bursitis.

Research suggests that lateral hip pain may be multifactorial and better termed Greater trochanteric pain syndrome.

Pain from the gluteal medius and/or minimus due to non-inflammatory tendonopathy is likely causative. This may cause a secondary bursitis.

Pain is insidious, gradual worsens and is variable based on activity type.

Also, can be seen after a fall resulting in tearing.

Pain is described as a deep ache or bruise. It can stay localized or radiate down lateral thigh towards knee.

Patients report night/early morning pain and when rolling over onto the outer hip on affected side.

Fatigue from prolonged sitting, walking and single leg loading activities such as walking up stairs.

Provoking activities and postures cause compressive forces on the involved tendons.

            These generally occur when the hip is adducted across midline such as with

Side sleeping,

            Place pillow between legs to align pelvis and keep knee and hip in line

Crossed leg sitting

            Sit w/ knees at hip distance and feet on floor

Selfie poses - Standing w a hitched hip (pushing hip to the side).

Attempt to correct biomechanical issues before progressing directly to bursal steroid injection

            May only be a temporary fix if underlying issue not addressed.

A helpful clinical guide

https://bjgp.org/content/bjgp/67/663/479/F1.large.jpg?download=true

 



Title: Use of droperidol for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome

Category: Toxicology

Keywords: droperidol, cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, recurrent nausea/vomiting (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/7/2019 by Hong Kim, MD
Click here to contact Hong Kim, MD

 

Droperidol has recently become available again in select U.S. institutions. It has been used as an antiemetic and to treat agitation prior to the FDA’s black box warning (for QT prolongation) and national shortage. 

Recently, a retrospective study was conducted (Melbourne, Australia) in the use of droperidol in the management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS).

Results

689 medical records were identified from January 2006 to December 2016.

76 cases met diagnostic criteria of CHS (below)

  • Long-term cannabis use
  • Symptoms of recurrent vomiting
  • Absence of illness that could otherwise explain symptoms.

Droperidol group (DG) = 37; no droperidol group (NDG)= 39 

Median length of stay: 

  • DG: 6.7 hr vs. NDG: 13.9 hours (p=0.014)

Median time to discharge after final drug administration: 

  • DG: 137 min (IQR: 65, 203) vs. NDG: 185 min (IQR: 149, 403)

Frequency of droperidol (dose) used: 

  1. 0.625 mg (n=25)
  2. 1.25 mg (n=20)
  3. 2.5 mg (n=17)

Metoclopramide and Ondansetron use in non-droperidol group was twice that of droperidol group

Conclusion

  • Droperidol use to treat CHS associated nausea/vomiting resulted in decreased length of stay and lower use of antiemetics.  


Title: Simplifying Phenytoin in the ED

Category: Pharmacology & Therapeutics

Keywords: Phenytoin, Fosphenytoin (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/2/2019 by Wesley Oliver (Updated: 11/3/2019)
Click here to contact Wesley Oliver

Phenytoin can be a complex medication.  There are different levels than can be ordered, adjustments based on albumin, various pharmacokinetic equations, and multiple formulations.  Below are the simplified answers to some of the most common questions (see in-depth section for explanations):

Which phenytoin level (free or total) do I order?

Total Phenytoin Level.

 

What do I do after the level results?

Undetectable Level: Load patient with 20 mg/kg of total body weight (max dose 1,500 mg).

Subtherapeutic Level (<10 mcg/mL): Calculate an approximate loading dose using this equation….Phenytoin Dose (mg)=(15-measured total level)*(0.7*patient weight).

Therapeutic Level (10-20 mcg/mL): Add an additional agent.

Supratherapetutic/Toxic Level (>20 mcg/mL): Contact Poison Center (1-800-222-1222).

 

What formulation do I order for loading?

IV: Use fosphenytoin.

PO: Any formulation will work.  Give as a single loading dose or, if concerned for GI upset, give in 2-3 divided doses separated by 2 hours.

 

 

***Disclaimer: These answers are simplified for the initial management of most patients in the ED. More complex answers may be required in some situations.***

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Ever been in an acute rescucitation and found yourself unable to remember all of those famous ACLS Hs and Ts?  I know I have.  A few years ago Littman et al published an alternative approach to critically ill, hypotensive medical patients with non shockable rhythms.  Unfortunately, it seems like some of the enthusiasm for this approach has died down, but I still think it's something you're more likely to recall in a pinch than the Hs and Ts and is a better way of getting started with a hypotensive non-trauma patient.  And it's so simple you may actually remember it!

 

1) Look at the monitor.  Is the rhythm narrow or wide?  

2a) Narrow - more likely a mechanical problem (tamponade, tension PTX, autoPEEP, or PE). Give IVF and search for one of these causes (and correct it!).  Keep in mind that ultrasound can help you differentiate a lot of these.

2b) Wide - more likely a metabolic problem (hyperK, sodium channel blockade, etc*). Give empiric calcium, bicarb, and other therapies targeted for these problems (if desired) and get stat labs.

 

Take a minute and either go to this REBEL EM post:

https://rebelem.com/a-new-pulseless-electrical-activity-algorithm/

To review this, or look at the attached diagrams.  

 

 

*Dr. Mattu would want me to remind you that hyperkalemia IS a sodium channel poisoned state, so there's no need to think of these two separately

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Attachments



Title: High School Concussions

Category: Orthopedics

Keywords: Concussion Incidence, epidemiology, (PubMed Search)

Posted: 10/26/2019 by Brian Corwell, MD (Updated: 11/26/2024)
Click here to contact Brian Corwell, MD

A recent epidemiology study in Pediatrics looked at concussions in 20 high school sports during the 2013–2014 to 2017–2018 school years.

For every athlete, one practice or competition was counted as one exposure.

Overall, 9542 concussions were reported for an overall rate of 4.17 per 10 000 athletic exposures (AEs).

Football continues to have the highest incidence with a concussion rate of 10.40 per 10 000 AEs.

As in previous studies, rates in competition (33.19 to 39.07 per 10 000 AEs) are increasing and higher than rates in practice which are lower and decreasing over the study period (5.47 to 4.44 per 10 000 AEs).

            This may reflect better reporting or increasing injury rate

In all 20 sports, recurrent concussion rates decreased from 0.47 to 0.28 per 10 000 AEs.

Confirming prior studies, among sex-comparable sports, concussion rates were higher in girls than in boys (3.35 vs 1.51 per 10 000 AEs).

Also, among sex-comparable sports, girls had larger proportions of concussions that were recurrent than boys (9.3% vs 6.4%).

This study may reflect effective implementation of strategies to reduce concussion incidence such as mandatory removal from play and more stringent requirements associated with return to play.

 

 

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Title: Crystalloid fluid choice in Pediatric Sepsis

Category: Pediatrics

Keywords: lactated ringer, LR, normal saline, NS (PubMed Search)

Posted: 10/25/2019 by Mimi Lu, MD
Click here to contact Mimi Lu, MD

  • Resuscitation with crystalloid fluid is a cornerstone of pediatric septic shock treatment.
  • Recent publication from the adult literature have suggested that balance crystalloid solutions may be better than 0.9% normal saline (NS) for select conditions.
  • Lactated Ringer's (LR) is a common balance crystalloid solution often used for fluid resuscitation and critically ill patients.
  • However whether resuscitation with balance fluids is associated with improved outcomes compared to NS in pediatric sepsis is unclear.
  • A matched retrospective cohort study of 12,529 pediatric patient with severe sepsis/septic shock at 382 US hospitals compared outcomes with versus without LR as a part of the initial resuscitation.
  • Outcomes includesd: 30-day hospital mortality, acute kidney injury, new dialysis, and length of stay.
  • After matching, mortality was not different between LR and NS groups. There were no differences in secondary outcomes except longer hospital length of stay in the LR groups.
  • The PRoMPT BOLUS randomized control trial pilot was a feasibility study designed to study the comparative effectiveness of LR versus NS fluid resuscitation for pediatic septic shock.  Completion of a more robust study may help provide answers to these ongoing questions. 

Bottom line: Balance fluid resuscitation with LR was not associated with improved outcomes compared to NS and pediatric sepsis. Selective LR use necessitates a prospective trial to definitively determine comparative effects among crystalloids.

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Title: Clinical utility of VA-ECMO in refractory drug-induced cariogenic shock

Category: Toxicology

Keywords: VA-ECMO, drug-induced cardiogenic shock (PubMed Search)

Posted: 10/24/2019 by Hong Kim, MD
Click here to contact Hong Kim, MD

 

Patients with drug-induced cardiogenic shock [DIC] (e.g. overdose of CCB/BB, membrane stabilizing agents, etc.) are often managed with medical interventions such as vasopressors, bicarbonate infusion, high-dose insulin, lipid emulsion therapy. A fraction of these patients may be refractory to the standard medical therapy. VA-ECMO (venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) has been utilized in such situation; yet clinical experience of using VA-ECMO in DIC is limited.

A recent retrospective study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization’s ECMO registry showed

  • Increasing VA-ECMO utilization for drug-induced cardiogenic shock (n=104) over the past 15 years (2003 to 2018) but it represents a fraction (0.067%) of VA-ECMO use.
  • VA-ECMO improved hemodynamic and metabolic status at 24 hrs-post cannulation.
  • Persistent acidosis (HCO3 level) and acidemia (pH) at 24 hrs-post cannulation was associated with mortality.
  • 52.9% of the cases survived to discharge. 

Conclusion

  • VA-ECMO may be clinically beneficial (improvement of hemodynamic and metaboic status) in patients with refractory drug-induce cardiogenic shock

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Title: Cryptococcal Meningitis in Immunocompetent Patients

Category: Neurology

Keywords: Cryptococcus neoformans, cryptococcosis, meningoencephalitis (PubMed Search)

Posted: 10/23/2019 by WanTsu Wendy Chang, MD
Click here to contact WanTsu Wendy Chang, MD

  • Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common fungal CNS infection that predominantly affects immunocompromised patients.
  • However, cases have been described in immunocompetent patients.
  • Clinical presentation may include headache, fever, neck pain, nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity, seizure, or altered mental status.
  • Neuroimaging is usually normal, though cryptococcomas, pseudocysts, and obstructing hydrocephalus can be seen.
  • Diagnosis with LP include elevated opening pressure, mononuclear predominance of cell count, low glucose, high protein, India ink microscopy, Cryptococcal antigen testing, and CSF culture.
  • Subacute symptoms contribute to delay in diagnosis which increases overall morbidity and mortality.

Bottom Line: Consider cryptococcal meningitis even in immunocompetent patients.



ICU admission rates for all acute PEs vary wildly across the country (<5% to ~80%).

To predict which hemodynamically stable, normotensive PE patients should be admitted to the ICU, a single-center retrospective analysis of 7 years’ data sought to describe the reasons why normotensive patients with PE required vasopressors within 48 hours of admission to the ICU. The authors studied 293 patients admitted to the ICU at Beth Israel Deaconess in Boston and found only 8 patients (2.7%) who decompensated within the first 2 days.  Of MANY variables studied, only respiratory rate was significantly different between those who decompensated and those who did not (mean RR 29 with range 26-32 in the decompensated group vs mean 21 with range 17-24).

Bottom Line: cost control experts may lean on you to admit fewer PE patients to the ICU. There is no perfectly reliable way to predict which normotensive patient with a PE will decompensate. The PESI score has been validated but even the low risk cohort had 1.6% mortality at 3 days. The BOVA score has been validated but its endpoint of mortality at 30 days is less useful for planning admission. Tachypnea should concern you.

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Title: Autism in the ED

Category: Pediatrics

Keywords: sedation, autism spectrum disorder (PubMed Search)

Posted: 10/18/2019 by Jenny Guyther, MD
Click here to contact Jenny Guyther, MD

The emergency department care of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be difficult due to problems with communication, social interaction and the patients problems with dealing with change. The often loud, hectic and unfamiliar environment does not help either.  Avoiding triggers, dimming lights, quiet rooms, using distractions and using home electronic devices may help.  Despite these interventions, these children may still require some type of sedation, even to be able to complete a routine exam.  There is not much research on ED sedation practices in this population.
The study cited was a retrospective chart review of 6020 patients with ASD seen over 8 years.  126 patients required sedation.  Laceration repair (24.6%), incision and drainage (17.5%), diagnostic imaging (14.3%) and physical exam (11.9%) were the leading reasons for sedation.  Half of the children received ketamine and half received midazolam.  Adverse effects were seen in 18% of patients with vomiting and desaturations being the most common.  Sedation was inadequate in 4 patients who received midazolam alone.  Physical restraint was used to complete some procedures due to patient resistance.
The use of sedation for painless procedures and exams is likely a consequence of communication impairments and sensory aversions.

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The Critically Ill Geriatric Patient with Sepsis

  • Due to the age-related physiologic change of immunosenescence, geriatric patients have an increased susceptibility to infection, a decreased ability to mount a response to infection, and an increased likelihood of atypical presentations.
  • Atypical presentations of sepsis in the geriatric patient include confusion, decreased functional status, generalized weakness, and failure to thrive.
  • In fact, up to 33% of geriatric patients with bacteremia will be afebrile upon presentation.
  • Consider sepsis in the differential diagnosis of geriatric patients with these nonspecific complaints.

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Title: Synthetic turf playing fields

Category: Orthopedics

Keywords: Playing surface, concussion (PubMed Search)

Posted: 10/12/2019 by Brian Corwell, MD
Click here to contact Brian Corwell, MD

Synthetic turf playing surfaces have been growing in popularity over the last decade and seem to have become a new standard.

Due to the need for durable fields that can accommodate multiple teams/activities, in addition to the high cost of maintaining grass and the need to conserve water, many parks and schools have switched from grass to turf. Turf is advertised as maintenance free but ….this is not the case.

Locally, at M&T Bank Stadium, groundskeepers drive a LitterKat turf sweeper across the field for 4 hours 2-3 times a week to ensure that the synthetic rubber is cleaned and distributed evenly. The field is also repainted every 4 games because the paint may become hard. The cost of this level of maintenance is beyond what many parks and local high schools can afford.

A recent study examined high school concussion data at almost 2000 high schools with over 14,000 recorded concussions. Researchers concluded that more concussions occurred in games than practices. Interestingly, they also found that playing surface was significantly associated with concussion. Almost 90% of all injuries occurred on turf-based surfaces. Turf outweighed all other mechanisms of injury, including helmet-to-helmet hits and grass playing surface. Between 10 and 15.5% of concussions occur from helmet to ground contact. In the NFL, this mechanism accounts for about 1 in 7 concussions.

 

Attempting to limit total exposure time in practice and games on turf surfaces may be beneficial until more study is needed.