In a study comparing ketorolac IV doses of 10 mg, 15 mg, and 30 mg, no difference in pain score reduction or need for rescue analgesia was observed.
Lactic acidosis is the most common cause of anion gap metabolic acidosis in all hospitalized patients. An elevated lactate level is an important marker of inadequate tissue perfusion causing subsequent shift to anaerobic metabolism and occuring in a variety of disease states such as sepsis. In patients with unexplained lactic acidosis without systemic hyoperfusion or seizure suspect the following toxins:
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause significant disease, including severe neurologic problems. However, patient presentations can vary greatly.
Signs and symptoms can include:
Prolonged B12 deficiency can lead to significant neurologic complications, frequently related to the spinal cord, and can include:
PaCO2 and the Post-Arrest Patient
A 36-year-old male, who recently immigrated from Africa, presented to the ED with fever, rash, cough and shortness of breath. He was noted to be febrile to 39.0 C. The rash is disseminated but present mainly in his trunk as shown in the picture.
Take Home Point:
In pediatrics, providers typically prescribe 10 mg/kg (max 500 mg) and 5 mg/kg daily x 4 (max 250 mg) for treatment of pneumonia, but this dosing regimen is NOT recommended for all azithromycin usage. There are other dosing regimens that are important to keep in mind during the respiratory season:
1) Pharyngitis/ tonsillitis (ages 2-15 yr): 12 mg/kg daily x 5 days (max 500 mg/ 24 hr)
2) Pertussis
3) Acute sinusitis >/= 6 months: 10 mg/kg daily x 3 days
Smoke inhalation victims (house fires) are at risk of carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanide poisoning (CN). CO exposure/poisoning can be readily evaluated by CO - Oximetry but CN level can be obtained in majority of the hospital.
Lactic acid level is often sent to evaluate for CN poisoning.
Bottom line:
It is well known that the early aggressive utilization of IV nitrates and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV) in patients presenting with acute pulmonary edema will decrease the number of patients requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.
Often our tepid dosing of nitroglycerine is to blame for treatment failure. Multiple studies have demonstrated the advantages of bolus dose nitroglycerine in the early management of patients with acute pulmonary edema. In these cohorts, patients bolused with impressively high doses of IV nitrates every 5 minutes, are intuabted less frequently than patients who received a standard infusion (1,2). No concerning drops in blood pressure in the patients who received bolus doses of nitrates were observed. Using the standard 200 micrograms/ml nitroglycerine concentration, blood pressure can be rapidly titrated to effect.
Significant associations were found between concussion and
Lateral ankle sprain (P = 0.012)
Knee injury (P = 0.002)
Lower extremity muscle injury (P = 0.031)
Keep in mind that 50 – 80% of concussions may go undiagnosed or unreported.
A discussion about risks of early return after concussion should include mention of risks beyond repeat head injury/2nd impact syndrome
Study limits: Retrospective design limits ability to establish causation/reporting bias
Vitamin B12 deficiency, including pernicious anemia, is typically seen in malnourished individuals. Globally, it is widespread in those who live in poverty.
In the U.S., we often consider it in individuals who are chronic alcoholics. However, it can be seen in others, including:
The Neurocritical Care Society and Society of Critical Care Medicine just came out with new Guidelines for Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH) [1]
--PCC is now recommended over FFP in reversal of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) with elevated INR. Either should be co-administered with 10mg IV vitamin K. (Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence)
TAKE AWAY: PCC should be probably be given over FFP in VKA-ICH when available
Take home points:
Acetaminophen is one of the most common pharmaceutical ingestions in overdose and a leading cause of acute of liver failure in the U.S. Early recognition and treatment is critical for prevention of morbidity.
Impact of an ED pharmacist on time to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke
Mechanical Ventilation in the Obese Patient
30 Year-old female presents to the ED for a rash. The rash started suddenly, mainly in her extremities and it is painful. The patient denied having fever or chills. Her past medical history is unremarkable. She admits to using cocaine frequently. The rash is shown in the picture.
Recent study evaluated whether an acetaminophen (APAP) level obtained less than 4-hour post acute ingestion can predict which patient would not require n-acetylcysteine (NAC). APAP cutoff level of 100 ug/mL was used for analysis. This was a secondary analysis of the Canadian Acetaminophen Overdose Study database (retrospective study).
Bottom line:
