UMEM Educational Pearls

Category: ENT

Title: Epistaxis Control

Keywords: epistaxis (PubMed Search)

Posted: 12/15/2012 by Michael Bond, MD
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Epistaxis can be a difficult thing to control in the ED, but there are several techniques you can learn that will make your life easier.

The majority of epistaxis cases are from kiesselbach's plexus therefore you can control it with:

Direct Pressure: Can be held with two fingers pinching the nares, or you can tape 4 tongue blades together and make your own "clothes pin" that can then be used to pinch the nares.

Vasoconstrictor and Anesthesia: A 1:1 mixture of topical lidocaine 4% and oxymetazoline can often be mixed together in the same oxymetazoline spray container enabling you to just spray it into the nares. This will often slow or stop the bleeding and provides anesthesia in case you need to cauterize the bleeding site.  Some IV/IM narcotic pain medication will also help increase patient cooperation.

Visualize the bleeding site: Use a HEAD LAMP with an appropriate sized nasal speculum. You may look like Marcus Welby, MD but nothing works as well to see into the nose.

Cauterization It is best to cauterize circumferential around the bleeding site prior to directly cauterizing the actual site. Be careful with electrical cautery so has not to perforate the septum.

Nasal Packing: Instead of using surgilube to lubricate the packing; use Muprion, Bactroban or Bacitracin ointment to lubricate the packing. This will reduce the chance of Toxic Shock Syndrome.



Category: Toxicology

Title: Lesser Known Causes of Toxin-Induced Hyperthermia

Keywords: aspirin, salicylate, thyroid, levothyroxine, hyperthermia, isoniazid, theophylline (PubMed Search)

Posted: 12/4/2012 by Bryan Hayes, PharmD (Emailed: 12/13/2012) (Updated: 12/13/2012)
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The more well known causes of toxin-induced hyperthermia include sympathomimetics and anticholinergics. In addition, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome, and malignant hyperthermia are high on the differential.

Several other xenobiotics can cause hyperthermia in overdose as well:

  • Salicylates and dinitrophenol cause hyperthermia by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Thyroid medications cause hyperthermia via thyroid hormone's thermogenic effect and psychomotor agitation. Hyperthermia can be extreme (>106°F, >41°C).
  • Caffeine/theophylline, isoniazid, and strychnine cause hyperthermia through refractory seizures and muscle contraction. Highest temp recorded with strychnine is (109.4°F, 43°C).

In general, benzodiazepines should be considered first-line therapy, followed by barbiturates, propofol, or other sedative hypnotics. Phenytoin rarely has a role in the management of toxin-induced seizures. Extrenal cooling measures are also warranted. Specifically for isoniazid, pyridoxine should be administered immediately with a benzodiazepine.

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Category: International EM

Title: Dengue

Keywords: dengue, fever, international, mosquito, vector (PubMed Search)

Posted: 12/12/2012 by Andrea Tenner, MD (Updated: 11/10/2024)
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Background:

Dengue is the most rapidly expanding mosquito-borne virus with an increasing incidence and geographical area.  It is most commonly found in the tropics, but there are occasional outbreaks in other places, including Texas and Hawaii.

Clinical:

Three Phases:

1.  The febrile phase lasts 2-7 dyas and is similar to other viral syndromes, often with high fever and nausea/vomiting.  Petechiae may also be present which can be induced by the application of a tourniquet.

2. The critical phase occurs after defervescence and lasts only 24-48 hours. IT is marked by increased capillary permeability and can lead to severe pulmonary edema, shock, and multisystem organ failure.

3. The recovery phase is marked by hemodynamic improvement. Some patients have a rash described as "isles of white in a sea of red." 

Some patients will develop bradycardia. Most patients have a self-limited form of the illness that is not severe, and consists of symptoms seen in the febrile phase.  The patients that develop severe dengue can have markers in the febrile phase that are associated with organ dysfunction, GI bleeding, and increased capillary permeability. Other concerning symptoms early are abdominal tenderness and persistent vomiting.

Treatment:

Treatment is supportive, mostly consisting of IV fluids, which is very effective when started early in the patient's illness.  For more information and maps of endemic areas check out the CDC or WHO websites:  http://www.cdc.gov/travel/notices/in-the-news/dengue-tropical-sub-tropical.htm or http://www.who.int/denguecontrol/en/

University of Maryland Section for Global Emergency Health

Author: Jenny Saltzberg

 

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Ultrasound-Guided Pericardiocentesis

  • Though emergent pericardiocentesis is a relatively rare procedure in the ED, it is a critical intervention in patients with effusion and life-threatening instability/PEA arrest.
  • Ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis is preferred over the traditional "blind" approach, as it allows the provider to choose an optimal position and is associated with fewer complications.
  • A few pearls when using ultrasound for emergent pericardiocentesis:
    • Consider placing an NGT for abdominal decompression.
    • Don't mistake the epicardial fat pad for an effusion; fat pads don't change size and usually move in concert with the ventricle.
    • The apical 4-chamber view tends to be the most common probe position, as the largest collection of fluid is usually around the apex.
    • If you are unsure about your needle location, inject 5-ml of agitated saline to confirm you are in the pericardial space.

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Question

64 year-old male with no past medical history presents complaining of chronic weight-loss and diffuse chest pain; CXR is shown below. What's the diagnosis, and what other disease(s) may present this way?

 

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Category: Cardiology

Title: Coarctation of the aorta

Posted: 12/8/2012 by Semhar Tewelde, MD (Emailed: 12/9/2012)
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  • Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is the 5th most common congenital heart defect.
  • CoA typically manifests as a discrete constriction of the aortic isthmus.
  • The majority of patients affected present in infancy with varying degrees of heart failure, which reflect predominantly the severity of the aortic narrowing. 
  • Some patients may not present until later in childhood or adolescence,  with upper extremity hypertension,  either due to less severe initial narrowing or to the development of collateral circulation bypassing the coarctation.
  • Tx options include surgery, balloon angioplasty, and stenting.
  • Although early surgery may prevent/delay the onset of hypertension, approximately 30% will be hypertensive by adolescence.
  • HTN is the single most important outcome variable in patients with CoA
  • HTN present in young children is often under-recognized or not treated aggressively enough, screening for cardiovascular & renovascular anomalies is essential  
  • Untreated CoA has significant early mortality, with mean age of death ~30-40

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Category: Orthopedics

Title: Delayed pneumonia following blunt thoaraic trauma

Keywords: pneumonia, rib fracture, blunt chest trauma (PubMed Search)

Posted: 12/7/2012 by Brian Corwell, MD (Emailed: 12/8/2012)
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Are discharged patients who suffer minor thoracic injury at risk of developing delayed pneumonia?

 

Prospective study of 1,057 patients age 16 and older with minor thoracic injury who were discharged from the ED. 

32.8% had at least one rib fracture

8.2% had asthma

3.4% had COPD

Only 6 patients developed pneumonia!!

Sex, smoking, atelectasis on CXR, and alcohol intoxication were not significantly associated with delayed pneumonia.

However, for patients with preexistent pulmonary disease (asthma or COPD) AND rib fracture, the relative risk of delayed pneumonia was 8.6. Patients without either of these conditions are at extremely low risk of future development of pneumonia.  

 

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Epidemiology:

Trampoline injuries doubled between 1991 and 1996, increasing from 39,000 injuries per year to more then 83,000 injuries per year.  Injury rates and trampoline sales peaked in 2004 and have been decreasing since; however, hospitalization rates are still between 3% and 14%.

Risk Factors:

¾ of injuries occur when multiple people are on the trampoline at once

Smaller participants were 14x more likely to be injured then their heavier playmates

Falls account for 27-39% of all injuries

Springs and frames account for 20% of injuries

Up to ½ of injuries occur despite adult supervision

Injury types:

Lower extremity injuries are more common than upper extremity

Head and neck injuries accounted for 10-17% of trampoline injuries

Unique Injuries:

Proximal tibial fractures

Manubriosternal dislocations and sternal injuries

Vertebral artery dissection

Atlanto-axial subluxation

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Category: Critical Care

Title: Labs in Anaphylaxis

Keywords: anaphylaxis, tryptase, diagnosis (PubMed Search)

Posted: 12/6/2012 by Ellen Lemkin, MD, PharmD (Updated: 11/10/2024)
Click here to contact Ellen Lemkin, MD, PharmD

  • Serum total tryptase measurements may be useful for confirmation of venom or drug induced anaphylaxis (not as useful for food induced)
  • Can send serial tryptase levels at the time of presentation, 1-2 hours later, and at resolution
  • This is NOT helpful for confirmation at the time of the episode, as it takes several hours to perform

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Category: Airway Management

Title: Tetanus

Posted: 12/5/2012 by Walid Hammad, MD, MBChB (Updated: 11/10/2024)
Click here to contact Walid Hammad, MD, MBChB

 

40 yo previously healthy male in China who presents with prolonged “seizure” after receiving a cut on his foot while fishing 5 days ago.

Dx: Tetanus

Clinical features:

·      Incubation period 4-14 days

·      3 clinical forms:

1.     Local spasm

2.     Cephalic (rare) -  cranial nerve involvement

3.     Generalized (most common) - Descending spasm: facial sneer (risus sardonicus),   “locked jaw” trismus, neck stiffness, laryngeal spasm, abdominal muscle spasm.

·      Spasms continue to 3-4 weeks and can take months to fully recover

Complications: apnea, rhabodymyolysis, fracture/dislocations

Treatment: supportive, benzodiazepines, RSI, Tetanus IG (3000-5000 units IM), wound debridement

 

 

University of Maryland Section for Global Emergency Health

Author: Veronica Pei, MD

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Question

An 86 year-old nursing home resident presents to the ED with a urinary tract infection, four days after discharge from the inpatient service for the same diagnosis. She was discharged from the inpatient service with a prescription for ciprofloxacin to be given through her gastric feeding tube (she does not take anything orally). Could her tube feeds be playing a role in the relapse of her urinary tract infection?

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Category: Visual Diagnosis

Title: What's the Diagnosis? Written by Zachary Dezman

Posted: 12/2/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD (Emailed: 12/3/2012) (Updated: 12/3/2012)
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Question

11 year-old boy presents with right knee pain and swelling after falling off of his bicycle. What's the diagnosis?

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Category: Cardiology

Title: Kawasaki Disease

Keywords: Kawasaki Disease, Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (PubMed Search)

Posted: 12/2/2012 by Semhar Tewelde, MD (Updated: 11/10/2024)
Click here to contact Semhar Tewelde, MD

 

Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in North American & Japanese children
Children w/KD should undergo a 2-D echocardiogram and electrocardiogram
In the acute phase, the myocardium, pericardium, endocardium, valves, conduction system, and coronary arteries may all be involved
KD shock syndrome is a cardiovascular manifestation that presents with hypotension, LV systolic dysfunction, coronary artery aneurysm, and a shocklike state
AHA recommends KD tx w/a single dose of 2 g/kg of IVIG infused over 12 hours plus high-dose aspirin at a dose of 80 to 100 mg/kg per day in 4 divided doses
More than 50% of coronary artery aneurysms regress within the first 2 years of onset 
Regression is associated with marked thickening of the intima, which  may later stimulate atherosclerosis with a risk for ischemic heart disease

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Category: Pharmacology & Therapeutics

Title: Treating PID in a Doxycycline-Allergic Patient

Keywords: doxycycline, PID, pelvic inflammatory disease, STD, azithromycin (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/28/2012 by Bryan Hayes, PharmD (Emailed: 12/1/2012) (Updated: 12/1/2012)
Click here to contact Bryan Hayes, PharmD

In the rare circumstance you need to treat a patient with suspected PID and an allergy to doxycycline, what is the alternative?

For oral regimens, azithromycin is an option in place of doxycycline.

  • In one randomized trial, azithromycin demonstrated short-term effectiveness when given 500 mg X 1, followed by 250 mg/day for 6 days.
  • In another randomized study, the combination of ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose and azithromycin 1 g orally once a week for 2 weeks was effective.

Suggested regimen for PID with doxycycline allergy:

  • Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM X 1
  • Azithromcyin 500 mg IV/PO X 1, then 250 mg PO daily for 6 days
  • plus/minus Metronidazole 500 mg PO twice daily for 14 days

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Category: Toxicology

Title: CT Findings of Tox Cases

Keywords: CT, carbon monoxide, cyanide (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/29/2012 by Fermin Barrueto (Updated: 11/10/2024)
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It is not often that a CT will be able to give you a hint to a toxicologic diagnosis. The following are CT findings that are either suggestive and even sometimes almost diagnostic for a given to toxin:

1) Intraparenchymal or Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: sympathomimetics or mycotic anuerysm rupture secondary to IV drug abuse

2) Basal Ganglia bilateral focal necrosis: characteristic of carbon monoxide, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide and even methanol

3) Severe advanced atrophy out of proportion for age: alcoholism, toluene

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Category: International EM

Title: When Water is Undrinkable

Keywords: water, international, cryptopsporidium, chlorine, iodine, boiling (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/28/2012 by Andrea Tenner, MD
Click here to contact Andrea Tenner, MD

General Information:
• Millions of people around the world (including our patients who travel and victims of disasters like Hurricane Sandy) are exposed to non-potable water.
• How to treat contaminated water:
      ♦ Filter cloudy water through a clean cloth or allow to settle prior to treatment
      ♦ The safest method is boiling water vigorously for 1 minute (or, at least 3 minutes at altitudes >6,000ft)
      ♦ Chemical disinfection is not as effective but, if boiling is not possible, use either:
              • 2 drops of unscented bleach (5.52% Cl) per quart/liter of water.  (Unknown strength? Add 10     drops per quart/liter.)
                -Or-
               • 5 drops of tincture of 2% iodine per quart/liter.
                     - If the water is cloudy or cold, double the chlorine or iodine.
                     - Notes: Pregnant women or people with thyroid conditions should not use iodine
       ♦ UV decontamination can be accomplished by leaving clear bottles of water in direct sun for >6 hours or special equipment, but requires clear water
• Boiling, Chlorine/Iodine, and UV will kill viruses, bacteria, and Giardia
• Only Boiling kills Cryptosporidium

Bottom Line:
• If bottled water is available, use it.
• If not, boil your water.
• In order to treat for a wide variety of pathogens, it is best to combine available methods.

University of Maryland Section for Global Emergency Health
Author: Andi Tenner
 

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Category: Critical Care

Title: Management of AKI

Posted: 11/27/2012 by Mike Winters, MBA, MD (Updated: 11/10/2024)
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Managing Critically Ill Patients with AKI

  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in almost 50% of hospitalized patients and is an independent risk factor for mortality. 
  • Updated guidelines have recently been published on the management of patients with AKI.
  • Pearls for the management of patients with, or at risk of, AKI include:
    • Optimize volume status and perfusion pressure
      • Crystalloids preferred over colloids
      • Consider vasopressors to maintain MAP > 65 mm Hg
    • Avoid nephrotoxic drugs
    • Control co-factors
      • Monitor intra-abdominal pressure
      • Avoid hyperglycemia - target glucose < 150 mg/dL

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Category: Visual Diagnosis

Title: What's the diagnosis? Case by Dr. Jennifer Guyther

Posted: 11/25/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD (Emailed: 11/26/2012) (Updated: 11/26/2012)
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Question

2 year-old male with past medical history of asthma presents with fever and respiratory distress. CXR is shown below. What’s the diagnosis? (Hint: ...look beyond the obvious)

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Category: Cardiology

Title: Rheumatic Heart Disease

Keywords: Rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/25/2012 by Semhar Tewelde, MD (Updated: 11/10/2024)
Click here to contact Semhar Tewelde, MD

 

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) causes  ~250,000 premature deaths every year
Worldwide RHD is the leading cause of heart failure in children and young adults
RHD manifests as a combination of fever, polyarthritis, carditis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules (major Jones Criteria)
Mitral valve incompetence is the most common valvular lesion and mitral stenosis usually develops later as a result of persistent or recurrent valvulitis with bicommissural fusion
Eradication of group A streptococcus with penicillin prevents the initial acute rheumatic attack
No treatment for RHD exists other than for its complications, including heart failure, atrial fib, ischemic embolic events, and infective endocarditis

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Category: Orthopedics

Title: Hematoma blocks

Keywords: hematoma blocks, fracture analgesia (PubMed Search)

Posted: 11/24/2012 by Brian Corwell, MD
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Hematoma blocks for distal radius fractures

 

Hematoma blocks provide safe, effective analgesia without an increased risk of post procedural infections when compared with other regional blocks

Provide equal reduction quality AND pain control as procedural sedation with Propofol.

However, mean time to reduction (0.9 vs. 2.6 hours) and time to discharge post procedure (0.74 vs. 1.17 hours) were reduced with hematoma blocks.

Consider this option next time the department is busy or the patient is not an ideal procedural sedation candidate.

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