This study looking at the type of facility that cared for rural injured patients reminds us that the majority of trauma care for rural patients occurs in non-trauma centers. This included some of the most severely injured and for many definitive care was received at these centers.
This may lead to lack of inclusion in trauma registries and under valuing the care being delivered by non-trauma centers. Protocols to facilitate transfers, air medical protocols and availability along with tele-health all are important in rural trauma care. Non-trauma designated centers are a critical part of the trauma network for rural residents and their value can not be ignored.
This study looked at pre-trauma mental health diagnosis (from medical records) and post-trauma mental health symptoms as assessed by survey. The majority of patients suffered blunt trauma and mean age was 67. Having pre/traumatic mental health diagnosis and particularly post-traumatic symptoms lead to worse health outcomes and financial conditions. Further work needs to be done to assess how to improve mental health symptoms post-traumatic injury.
Missed appendicitis leading to rupture and peritonitis leads to morbidity, mortality, and malpractice claims. Part of a longer article looking at evaluation and management of appendicitis, these authors provide three scoring systems that can be used to identify appendicitis. Use of these scores can guide imaging and surgical consultation.
Alvarado Score: If a patient scores 1 to 4, the risk of appendicitis drops to 33%. If a patient scores >5, the risk of acute appendicitis is 66% or greater.
This study from Australia reminds us that what patients think they ingested isn’t always what they did ingest. A high percentage of “cocaine” and other stimulants was actually fentanyl or other opiates. The authors do a nice job referencing similar studies in the United States. Any overdose could be a mixed picture due to impure street drugs.
The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) is a non-specific set of symptoms (fever, malaise, worsened rash, hemodynamic instability, leukocytosis) seen after treating syphillis and other spirochete induced infections. In this study 1 in 4 patients treated with 2.4 million units of benzathine penicillin G developed a short lived JHR. Those who developed the reaction were more likely HIV negative, had secondary syphillis and had successful treatment at 6 months.
The American Society of Anesthesia score was an independent predictor of 90-day mortality as
well as low functional status at one year in 720 patients presenting to a single center with
moderate to severe brain injury. When used in conjunction with other prognosticating tools such
as the Trauma and Injury Severity Score, it increased the prognostic value of these scales.
Controlling pain from rib fractures impacts morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade there has been a focus on decreasing opiate use and approaching this painful condition in a multimodal way. “The multimodal approach utilizes a combination of delivery methods including oral, parenteral, and regional single-shot or catheter-based techniques. Oral medications include opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, skeletal muscle relaxants, alpha-2 agonists, mood stabilizers, and neuropathic pain medications. Parenteral medications encompass most of the oral options in addition to ketamine and lidocaine. Regional anesthesia includes epidural analgesia (EA), paravertebral blocks, intercostal blocks, and myofascial plane blocks.”
This study is a single center in Canada looking at medication used for patients admitted over 10 years with rib fractures along with demographics, injury severity and outcomes. The authors concluded:
“Although multimodal pain management strategies have improved over time, a large proportion of patients, even among those with flail chest, still do not receive multimodal pain management. Elderly patients, at highest risk of adverse outcomes, were less likely to receive multimodal pain management strategies and should be the target of performance improvement initiatives.”
Achieving faster homeostasis in trauma patients leads to lower mortality, less coagulopathy, and lower total blood volume transfusion requirements. This study looked at time to achieving homeostasis as defined by transfusion requirements as well as laboratory measurements in critically ill trauma patients who either received whole blood or component therapy transfusion as part of their resuscitation. Those receiving whole blood achieved statistically significant faster homeostasis.
Unless a patient is unstable, renal injuries are managed non-operatively or endovascularly. Here is the
2025 Kidney Injury Grading Scale from AAST.
AAST AIS
Grade Severity Imaging Criteria
I 2 –Subcapsular hematoma <3.5 cm without active bleeding
– Parenchymal contusion without laceration
II 2 – Parenchymal laceration length <2.5 cm
– HRD <3.5 cm without active bleeding
III 3 – Parenchymal laceration length ?2.5 cm
– HRD ?3.5 cm without active bleeding
– Partial kidney infarction
– Vascular injuries without active bleeding
– Laceration extending into urinary collecting system and/or urinary extravasation
IV 4 – Active bleeding from kidney
– Pararenal extension of hematoma
– Complete/near-complete kidney infarction without active bleeding
– MFK without active bleeding
– Complete/near-complete ureteropelvic junction disruption
V 5 – Main renal artery or vein laceration or transection with active bleeding
– Complete/near-complete kidney infarction with active bleeding
– MFK with active bleeding
Having a readily measurable variable to identify frailty on admission for critically injured patients would help prognosticate morbidity, mortality, and discharge destination. Sarcopenia has been used to prognosticate length of stay, discharge destination, and physical function recovery in oncology and general surgery patients. Sarcopenia is defined as “age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. The main symptom of the condition is muscle weakness. Sarcopenia is a type of muscle atrophy primarily caused by the natural aging process. Scientists believe being physically inactive and eating an unhealthy diet can contribute to the disease.” 1. This study looked at admission CT scan psoas muscle sarcopenia in 197 critically injured patients. The authors concluded:
“For trauma critical care patients, sarcopenia on admission CT was associated with dependent discharge destination and therefore is unfavourable. Defining sarcopenia early in a trauma patient’s critical care admission may help to identify those at risk of poor outcomes.” 2
The Pan-Asia Trauma Outcomes Study database was reviewed for differences in in-hospital mortality and functional capacity at discharge between male and female trauma patients. There were 76,000 trauma patients from 12 Asian countries in this study. The authors concluded: “This study indicates no difference in the general trauma outcomes in the Asia Pacific between females and males. Although younger females with less severe injuries had better functional outcomes, this advantage disappeared in severe injuries and those over 50 years.” There were several differences in mechanism of injury and age of presentation. “With females more frequently represented in the ??50 age group (60.13%) compared to males (44.87%) (p?<?0.001). Trauma type also varied between sexes; 95.51% of females experienced blunt trauma compared to 93.65% of males (p?<?0.001). Anatomically, males predominantly sustained injuries to the head, face, thorax, abdomen, and upper extremities, whereas females more frequently suffered injuries to the lower extremities and spine (p?<?0.001).” This is similar toEuropean and North American data
Large retrospective propensity matching study looking at mortality in trauma patients based on ALS vs. BLS transport crew found lower mortality in those attended by ALS crews. The matching was “based on patient age, sex, year, ICD-10-CM based injury severity score, mechanism of injury, AIS based body region of injury, EMS characteristics including time with patient and prehospital interventions performed, prehospital vital signs, and trauma center designation.”
This is different than other studies which showed limited difference. other studies have shown improved survival with police “scooping and running” with penetrating trauma patients.
Rib and pelvic fractures are common findings in geriatric trauma patients, even in low impact trauma such as falls from standing. Pain management is vital for improving morbidity and mortality. The IFEM White Paper suggests:
“Use multimodal pain management strategies, including regional anesthesia and non-opioid analgesics, to control pain without compromising recovery.
Monitor closely for complications such as pneumonia or hemodynamic instability, intervening promptly to mitigate risks.
Collaborate with physiotherapists to implement early mobility programs, reducing the risk of deconditioning and promoting recovery.”
A multidisciplinary team proficient in geriatric trauma care leads to better outcomes. This may require transfer to a trauma center.
This white paper reminds us that age is just a number; frailty is a better predictor of morbidity and mortality after trauma.
“Frailty, characterized by reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors, is a significant factor influencing recovery from trauma. Individuals with frailty may experience slower healing, higher rates of complications, and longer hospital stays. Tools such as the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and the Trauma-Specific Frailty Index (TSFI) have been developed to assess frailty systematically, enabling clinicians to predict outcomes and guide treatment decisions.”
This position paper from American College of Surgeons, NAEMSP, and ACEP outlines a literature based approach to prehospital care of traumatic circulatory arrest. It logically could be applied to care in the hospital as well. Care of a traumatic arrest is different than a medical etiology arrest.
“Emphasize the identification of reversible causes of traumatic circulatory arrest and timely use of clinically indicated life-saving interventions (LSIs) within the EMS clinician’s scope of practice. These include:
Epinephrine should not be routinely used, and if used should not be administered before other LSIs.
External chest compressions may be considered but only secondary to other LSIs.
Chest decompression if there is clinical concern for a tension pneumothorax. Empiric bilateral decompression, however, is not indicated in the absence of suspected chest trauma.
Airway management using the least-invasive approach necessary to achieve and maintain airway patency, oxygenation, and adequate ventilation.
External hemorrhage control with direct pressure, wound packing, and tourniquets.”
Looking at 416 patients aged 12-16, 48% at a Peds trauma center vs 20% at adult Level 1 center vs 34% at an adult level 2 center, there was no difference in in hospital mortality between adult and pediatric centers.
The authors conclude “These findings suggest that severely injured adolescents aged 12 to 16 years may be safely treated at either adult or pediatric trauma centers.”
A retrospective look at veterans who received oral and/or IV as needed blood pressure medications while hospitalized in a non-ICU setting found an association with as needed meds and acute kidney injury, greater than 25% blood pressure drop in 3 hours, and death, stroke and MI while hospitalized. IV medications had a higher association.
While needing prospective validation, this appears to be more evidence to treat the patient not the number.
Risk factors for necrotizing soft tissue infections include: obesity, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, immunosuppression, injection drug use, and deep traumatic wounds.
“Any anatomical site can be involved, but the most common sites are perineal, anorectal, foot, or lower extremities.”
Not based on currently available literature.
This editorial reminds us that the only evidenced based screening criteria we have for C-spine clearance in those over age 65 after trauma is the Canadian C-Spine Rule (2002). This rule recommends imaging for all patients over age 65. No large, well done study indicates physical exam or other means can be used to clear C-Spines in those over age 65.
These infections remain difficult to diagnose early and early diagnosis is key to limiting morbidity and mortality.
“The classic clinical signs and symptoms are rarely all present especially in early disease. Crepitus or gas in the soft tissues, while specific, is only present in approximately 10% of patients. More often, the presenting symptoms are nonspecific: fever, pain, induration, and edema. Pain out of proportion to examination is a more specific finding that may assist in differentiation of NSTI from cellulitis.”
