The American Society of Anesthesia score was an independent predictor of 90-day mortality as
well as low functional status at one year in 720 patients presenting to a single center with
moderate to severe brain injury. When used in conjunction with other prognosticating tools such
as the Trauma and Injury Severity Score, it increased the prognostic value of these scales.
Controlling pain from rib fractures impacts morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade there has been a focus on decreasing opiate use and approaching this painful condition in a multimodal way. “The multimodal approach utilizes a combination of delivery methods including oral, parenteral, and regional single-shot or catheter-based techniques. Oral medications include opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, skeletal muscle relaxants, alpha-2 agonists, mood stabilizers, and neuropathic pain medications. Parenteral medications encompass most of the oral options in addition to ketamine and lidocaine. Regional anesthesia includes epidural analgesia (EA), paravertebral blocks, intercostal blocks, and myofascial plane blocks.”
This study is a single center in Canada looking at medication used for patients admitted over 10 years with rib fractures along with demographics, injury severity and outcomes. The authors concluded:
“Although multimodal pain management strategies have improved over time, a large proportion of patients, even among those with flail chest, still do not receive multimodal pain management. Elderly patients, at highest risk of adverse outcomes, were less likely to receive multimodal pain management strategies and should be the target of performance improvement initiatives.”
Achieving faster homeostasis in trauma patients leads to lower mortality, less coagulopathy, and lower total blood volume transfusion requirements. This study looked at time to achieving homeostasis as defined by transfusion requirements as well as laboratory measurements in critically ill trauma patients who either received whole blood or component therapy transfusion as part of their resuscitation. Those receiving whole blood achieved statistically significant faster homeostasis.
Unless a patient is unstable, renal injuries are managed non-operatively or endovascularly. Here is the
2025 Kidney Injury Grading Scale from AAST.
AAST AIS
Grade Severity Imaging Criteria
I 2 –Subcapsular hematoma <3.5 cm without active bleeding
– Parenchymal contusion without laceration
II 2 – Parenchymal laceration length <2.5 cm
– HRD <3.5 cm without active bleeding
III 3 – Parenchymal laceration length ?2.5 cm
– HRD ?3.5 cm without active bleeding
– Partial kidney infarction
– Vascular injuries without active bleeding
– Laceration extending into urinary collecting system and/or urinary extravasation
IV 4 – Active bleeding from kidney
– Pararenal extension of hematoma
– Complete/near-complete kidney infarction without active bleeding
– MFK without active bleeding
– Complete/near-complete ureteropelvic junction disruption
V 5 – Main renal artery or vein laceration or transection with active bleeding
– Complete/near-complete kidney infarction with active bleeding
– MFK with active bleeding
Having a readily measurable variable to identify frailty on admission for critically injured patients would help prognosticate morbidity, mortality, and discharge destination. Sarcopenia has been used to prognosticate length of stay, discharge destination, and physical function recovery in oncology and general surgery patients. Sarcopenia is defined as “age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. The main symptom of the condition is muscle weakness. Sarcopenia is a type of muscle atrophy primarily caused by the natural aging process. Scientists believe being physically inactive and eating an unhealthy diet can contribute to the disease.” 1. This study looked at admission CT scan psoas muscle sarcopenia in 197 critically injured patients. The authors concluded:
“For trauma critical care patients, sarcopenia on admission CT was associated with dependent discharge destination and therefore is unfavourable. Defining sarcopenia early in a trauma patient’s critical care admission may help to identify those at risk of poor outcomes.” 2
The Pan-Asia Trauma Outcomes Study database was reviewed for differences in in-hospital mortality and functional capacity at discharge between male and female trauma patients. There were 76,000 trauma patients from 12 Asian countries in this study. The authors concluded: “This study indicates no difference in the general trauma outcomes in the Asia Pacific between females and males. Although younger females with less severe injuries had better functional outcomes, this advantage disappeared in severe injuries and those over 50 years.” There were several differences in mechanism of injury and age of presentation. “With females more frequently represented in the ??50 age group (60.13%) compared to males (44.87%) (p?<?0.001). Trauma type also varied between sexes; 95.51% of females experienced blunt trauma compared to 93.65% of males (p?<?0.001). Anatomically, males predominantly sustained injuries to the head, face, thorax, abdomen, and upper extremities, whereas females more frequently suffered injuries to the lower extremities and spine (p?<?0.001).” This is similar toEuropean and North American data
Large retrospective propensity matching study looking at mortality in trauma patients based on ALS vs. BLS transport crew found lower mortality in those attended by ALS crews. The matching was “based on patient age, sex, year, ICD-10-CM based injury severity score, mechanism of injury, AIS based body region of injury, EMS characteristics including time with patient and prehospital interventions performed, prehospital vital signs, and trauma center designation.”
This is different than other studies which showed limited difference. other studies have shown improved survival with police “scooping and running” with penetrating trauma patients.
Rib and pelvic fractures are common findings in geriatric trauma patients, even in low impact trauma such as falls from standing. Pain management is vital for improving morbidity and mortality. The IFEM White Paper suggests:
“Use multimodal pain management strategies, including regional anesthesia and non-opioid analgesics, to control pain without compromising recovery.
Monitor closely for complications such as pneumonia or hemodynamic instability, intervening promptly to mitigate risks.
Collaborate with physiotherapists to implement early mobility programs, reducing the risk of deconditioning and promoting recovery.”
A multidisciplinary team proficient in geriatric trauma care leads to better outcomes. This may require transfer to a trauma center.
This white paper reminds us that age is just a number; frailty is a better predictor of morbidity and mortality after trauma.
“Frailty, characterized by reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors, is a significant factor influencing recovery from trauma. Individuals with frailty may experience slower healing, higher rates of complications, and longer hospital stays. Tools such as the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and the Trauma-Specific Frailty Index (TSFI) have been developed to assess frailty systematically, enabling clinicians to predict outcomes and guide treatment decisions.”
This position paper from American College of Surgeons, NAEMSP, and ACEP outlines a literature based approach to prehospital care of traumatic circulatory arrest. It logically could be applied to care in the hospital as well. Care of a traumatic arrest is different than a medical etiology arrest.
“Emphasize the identification of reversible causes of traumatic circulatory arrest and timely use of clinically indicated life-saving interventions (LSIs) within the EMS clinician’s scope of practice. These include:
Epinephrine should not be routinely used, and if used should not be administered before other LSIs.
External chest compressions may be considered but only secondary to other LSIs.
Chest decompression if there is clinical concern for a tension pneumothorax. Empiric bilateral decompression, however, is not indicated in the absence of suspected chest trauma.
Airway management using the least-invasive approach necessary to achieve and maintain airway patency, oxygenation, and adequate ventilation.
External hemorrhage control with direct pressure, wound packing, and tourniquets.”
Looking at 416 patients aged 12-16, 48% at a Peds trauma center vs 20% at adult Level 1 center vs 34% at an adult level 2 center, there was no difference in in hospital mortality between adult and pediatric centers.
The authors conclude “These findings suggest that severely injured adolescents aged 12 to 16 years may be safely treated at either adult or pediatric trauma centers.”
Not based on currently available literature.
This editorial reminds us that the only evidenced based screening criteria we have for C-spine clearance in those over age 65 after trauma is the Canadian C-Spine Rule (2002). This rule recommends imaging for all patients over age 65. No large, well done study indicates physical exam or other means can be used to clear C-Spines in those over age 65.
This small study randomized patients with 2 or greater rib fractures or requiring chest tube insertion into a kerorolac (30 mg) or ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) group and evaluated pain levels pre, 30 and 60 minutes post medication administration. They also looked at need for morphine rescue medication. The ketamine group had superior pain control and required less rescue medication.
Fractures of the occipital condyles are a relatively rare injury that occur in high energy blunt mechanisms (IE roll over MVC) most commonly. Physical exam will show signs of basilar skull fracture and significant pain at the base of the skull/upper C-spine. CT scan is the gold standard to make the diagnosis. Look for signs of upper extremity weakness on physical exam or cranial nerve injuries. Those type of findings should also prompt emergent MRI evaluation. Treatment generally is long term immobilization in a collar however Type 3 and those with neurologic findings may require surgical intervention.
Anderson and Montesano Classification
Type I 3% of occipital condyle fracturesImpaction-type fracture with comminution of the occipital condyle
Due to compression between the atlantooccipital joint
Stable injury due to minimal fragment displacement into the foramen magnum
Type II 22% of occipital condyle fracturesBasilar skull fracture that extends into one or both occipital condyles
Due to a direct blow to skull and a sheer force to the atlantooccipital joint
Stable injury as the alar ligament and tectorial membrane are usually preserved
Type III 75% of occipital condyle fractures Avulsion fracture of condyle in region of the alar ligament attachment (suspect underlying occipitocervical dissociation)
Due to forced rotation with combined lateral bending
Has the potential to be unstable due to craniocervical disruption
The Trauma Frailty Index has been validated to predict inpatient mortality, major complications and discharge to rehab facility. “In addition, frailty was significantly associated with higher adjusted odds of mortality, major complications, readmissions, and fall recurrence at 3 months postdischarge ( p < 0.05).”
It is a simple 15 variable index.
This study suggests no. The control arm was given standard physical therapy and the intervention arm was instructed in four basic exercises to do on their own daily for a week. Patents were then surveyed to assess for long term pain. There was no difference in pain between the two groups. Meaning, at least in this study reliant on patient journaling and follow up, that these four simple exercises did not impact long term pain in chest wall injured patients. More work needs to be done in this important area.
In this randomized trial of restrictive oxygen (arterial oxygen sat of 94% ) vs. liberal oxygen (12-15 L of O2 per minute) for 8 hours after traumatic injury there was no difference in mortality or major respiratory complications at 30 days between the two groups.
Further evidence that managing hypoxia is important but over oxygenation at best offers no benefit and may add harm.
This prospective observational study looked at patients with liver lacerations and active contrast extravasation who either had immediate embolization vs. observation. After matching for age, injury score etc. the observation first approach did as well as those who had immediate embolization.
Fall from a height of 6 feet with back pain. Plain film shown. What is the diagnosis? Any further imaging indicated? Treatment? Disposition?
