Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 11/5/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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11 year-old male is tackled and falls on his outstretched hand while playing football. X-rays are shown below. What's the diagnosis?
Answer: Salter-Harris Fracture - Type II
Salter-Harris Fracture (SHF)
SHF are fractures through the growth plate (a.k.a. the physis), therefore are unique to pediatric patients.
Fractures are categorized according to involvement of the physis, metaphysis, and epiphysis. Proper injury classification is important because it affects both the treatment and potential long-term complications. Radiographic findings can sometimes be subtle; especially Type 1 SHF.
Occult SHF should be suspected when there is tenderness or swelling over an epiphyseal surface with X-rays negative for fracture. In this case, children should be splinted and urgently followed up.
SHF classification
Bonus Pearl:
Use mnemonic SALTR to remember fracture type (Type I-Slipped, II-Above physis, III-Lower physis, IV-Through physis, V-Rammed)
emedicine.medscape.com/article/412956-overview
Salter, R and Harris R. Injuries involving the Epiphyseal Plate. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. Vol 45-A. Issue 3, April 1963.
fpnotebook.com/_media/OrthoFractureSalterHarris.jpg
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 10/29/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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33 year-old male in respiratory distress. What's the diagnosis?
Answer: Click here or here
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 10/22/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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Trauma patient (...yes, that's the only history you're given). Diagnosis?
Answer: Inverted left hemidiaphragm (or deep sulcus sign) secondary to a tension pneumothorax. There is also a superimposed hemothorax.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 10/15/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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35 year-old male unrestrained driver following motor vehicle crash presents with blunt chest injury. There are multiple injuries on CXR (can you find them all?), but what's up with his right lung?
Answer: Pulmonary contusion
Blunt chest trauma may result in pulmonary contusion, a parenchymal lung injury resulting in blood and edema within the alveolar spaces.
The pathophysiologic effects result in reduced lung compliance and gas exchange (i.e., dead space ventilation and/or shunting), increased risk of ARDS, and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The full pathophysiologic effects may take up to 48 hours to develop. Resolution usually occurs within 3-5 days.
Diagnosis is typically made on CXR, although early CXR may underestimate the severity of injury. CT scan is much more sensitive for diagnosis (see green arrows below).
Management is supportive and requires strict attention to oxygenation. Positive pressure ventilation is occasionally required for respiratory failure and is sometimes recommended prophylactically for elderly patients, because their pulmonary status can rapidly decline secondary to their reduced lung reserve.
Aggressive control of chest wall pain is also required. Pain reduces both the frequency and depth of respirations leading to atelectasis, a reduction in mucus clearance, and an increased risk of pneumonia. Analgesia should be administered systemically, by epidural, or by local nerve block at the level of injury.
Lively, M. Pulmonary contusion in a collegiate diver: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2011 Aug 10;5:362.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 10/7/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
(Updated: 10/8/2012)
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26 year-old male from Indonesia presents with severe abdominal pain and weight loss for the past two months. He also states he found this "worm" in the toilet (see below) after a bowel movement. What is the medical treatment for this condition?
Answer: Mebendazole or albendazole
The image above shows an Ascaris Lumbricoides (AL), the most common intestinal roundworm infection in humans. It typically occurs in inhabitants of impoverished areas with poor sanitation.
Humans acquire AL from ingesting eggs from infected food or soil. Eggs hatch into larvae within the small intestine and then migrate through the mucosa to vascular beds of the alveoli within the lung. Larvae then migrate up the respiratory tree and are swallowed into the GI tract where they mate and more eggs are laid, maturing here or migrating to other organs within the body.
Most infections are asymptomatic, but signs and symptoms can range from nonspecific pulmonary (first two weeks secondary to larval migration into lungs) to severe (after six weeks secondary to the mechanical effects of high parasite load in the gut). Symptoms include:
Treatment during early infection is challenging because AL is non-specific and difficult to diagnose; symptomatic and supportive care is required. When the diagnosis is made, medications such as mebendazole and albendazole can be used to eradicate AL directly within the gut. Situations where worms cause intestinal obstruction, require manual debulking using scopes (e.g., colonoscopy) or surgery.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 10/1/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
(Updated: 10/2/2012)
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Do you place central-lines?
Do you suture your central-lines into place?
Do you ever get worried that you are going to stick yourself with that needle?
If you answered yes to any of these questions, then maybe this pearl is for you; click here
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 9/24/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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Guide-wires can be challenging to dispose of after central-line insertion because they are difficult to keep on the field, hard to place in the sharps box, and can splash nearby observers.
Click here for this little guide-wire disposal trick.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 9/17/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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27 year-old woman with AIDS presents complaining of a painful, puritic, and papular rash. What's the diagnosis?
Answer: Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 9/10/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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40 year-old male with severe uncontrolled hypertension presents with altered mental status. Head CT is shown here. Name three common anatomic locations generally seen for non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage.
Answer: The most common anatomic sites for intra-cerebral hemorrhage are:
...and, don't forget the most common causes of non-traumatic intra-cerebral hemorrhage:
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 9/3/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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32 year-old female presents with 5 days of fever, chills, and flank pain. She is hypotensive on presentation and urinalysis shows pyuria. Click here for the non-contrast CT scan. What's the diagnosis and what type of antibiotics should be started empirically?
Answer: Staghorn caliculi secondary to struvite stone. Broad-spectrum antibiotics to cover anaerobic bacteria should be initiated.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 8/27/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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56 year-old male presents with chest pain. You perform an ultrasound of the heart and see the clip below. What's the diagnosis? Thanks to Dr. Ken Butler for the case.
Answer: Type A Dissection
Click here for an explanation.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 8/20/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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36 year-old female presents with left knee-pain following a motor vehicle crash (XRs are shown). What's the diagnosis AND what is the first test that should be performed to assess for vascular injury?
Answer: Anterior knee-dislocation and Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
Both anterior and posterior knee-dislocations have the potential for popliteal arterial injury.
ABI compares Doppler pressures of arms to legs to screen for lower limb ischemia (click here to learn more ABIs). ABIs can be used to accurately predict whether patients with knee dislocations have sustained vascular injury.
A prospective study by Mills et al. demonstrated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of an ABI lower than 0.90 were 100% for arterial injury, requiring surgical treatment.
Conversely, the negative predictive value of an ABI that was 0.90 or higher was 100%, suggesting no further workup is required.
Mills W, Barei D, McNair P. The Value of the Ankle-Brachial Index for Diagnosing Arterial Injury After Knee Dislocation: A Prospective Study. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care: June 2004 - Volume 56 - Issue 6 - pp 1261-1265.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 8/13/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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Placement of central-lines through the subclavian (SC) route has several advantages over other sites of venous cannulation:
• Lower rates of infection
• Lower rates of deep vein thrombosis
Placing a central-line through the "blind" SC approach increases the risk of non-compressible vessel injury and pneumothorax as compared to other approaches (e.g. internal jugular).
Ultrasound can help place central-lines in the SC vein while reducing the risk of complications; this video demonstrates the technique: http://ultrarounds.com/Ultrarounds/Subclavian_Ultrasound.html
Fragou, M. et al. Real-time ultrasound-guided subclavian vein cannulation versus the landmark method in critical care patients: a prospective randomized study. Crit Care Med. 2011 Jul;39(7):1607-12.
Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 8/5/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
(Updated: 8/6/2012)
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Answer: Mandibular dislocation...and the Gromis method?
• The Gromis method (a.k.a. the "Masseteric Massage" technique) is an alternative method for reducing mandibular dislocations.
• Firm, direct, and constant pressure is applied bilaterally to the masseter muscles, which relaxes the muscles (i.e., reduces spasm) and allows mandibular reduction with less traction than traditional reduction techniques and with no procedural sedation.
• Rob Orman (@emergencypdx) posts a video of Dr. Daniel Gromis demonstrating the technique: http://vimeo.com/46453741
• Finally, UMEM pearl regulars may recognize this Xray from a post last year where we described another alternative method to reduce mandibular dislocations. Here it is again: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kp8AzHIC0hM
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 7/30/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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25 year-old male was struck by a car while crossing the street. Chest X-ray and CT Chest with 3D reconstruction are shown below. What's the diagnosis?
Answer: Aortic dissection / transection
Blunt Aortic Injury
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 7/23/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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Find four abnormalities in the chest Xray below.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 7/15/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2012)
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23 year-old female presents complaining of progressive right lower quadrant pain after doing "vigorous" pushups. CT abdomen/pelvis below. What’s the diagnosis? (Hint: it’s not appendicitis)
Answer: Rectus Sheath Hematoma
Rectus Sheath Hematoma (RSH)
Rectus muscle tear causing damage to the superior or inferior epigastric arteries with subsequent bleeding into the rectus sheath; uncommon cause of abdominal pain but mimics almost any abdominal condition.
May occur spontaneously, but suspect with these risk factors:
Typically a self-limiting condition, but hypovolemic shock may result from significant hematoma expansion.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 7/8/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
(Updated: 7/9/2012)
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A previously healthy 3 year-old male presents with a one-day history of fever, drooling, and refusal to move his neck. The lateral neck x-ray is shown. What's the diagnosis?
Answer: Retropharyngeal abscess
Retropharyngeal Abscess (RPA)
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 7/2/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
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Have you ever had to give a national presentation, but can't find that one ultrasound clip or image that you really need? You could "borrow" it from someone on the internet, but you are secretly afraid that the "owner" of the clip is lurking somewhere in the audience. Well, the guys at the Ultrasound Podcast (www.ultrasoundpodcast.com) have come to your rescue by creating SonoCloud, a free access ultrasound library. At Sonocloud, you will find several categories of ultrasound clips and images for you to view and share,...and again it's FREE. In fact, the only thing you are expected to do is upload some of your own ultrasounds to share.
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Category: Visual Diagnosis
Posted: 6/24/2012 by Haney Mallemat, MD
(Updated: 6/25/2012)
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77 year old male presents to the Emergency Department one week after a motor vehicle crash in which he suffered minor facial injuries. He is now concerned because his eye looks like this. Diagnosis?
Answer: Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Subconjunctival hemorrhage is the accumulation of blood between the conjunctiva and sclera (i.e., subconjunctival space) secondary to bleeding from conjunctival or episcleral blood vessels.
Subconjunctival hemorrhage may be caused by:
Treatment should be directed towards reversing the underlying cause and providing symptomatic relief (e.g., artificial tears)
Prognosis is typically good. Occasionally the hemorrhage becomes yellowish-green (similar to a bruise) during the healing phase; this eventually resolves.
Bonus Pearl: As July 1rst approaches a new class of doctors will begin their journey to become Emergency Medicine specialists. The EM Basic website, created by Dr. Steve Carroll, was developed as a boot camp guide for Emergency Medicine. At the EM Basic website, you can find podcasts and discussions of must know topics within Emergency Medicine. Check it out today at http://embasic.org or on iTunes
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